Indian Notes
& Monographs
Cuba before
columbus
INDIAN NOTES
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN
AND MONOGRAPHS
HEYE FOUNDATION
INDIAN NOTES
AND MONOGRAPHS
Edited by F. W. Hodge
A SERIES OF PUBLICA-
TIONS RELATING TO THE
AMERICAN ABORIGINES
CUBA BEFORE COLUMBUS
BY
M. R. HARRINGTON
PART I
VOL. II
NEW YORK
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN
HEYE FOUNDATION
1921
This series of Indian Notes and Mono-
graphs is devoted primarily to the publica-
tion of the result of studies by members of
the staff of the Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform
with Hispanic Notes and Monographs,
published by the Hispanic Society of
America, with which organization this
Museum is in cordial cooperation.
Only the first ten volumes of Indian
Notes and Monographs are numbered.
The unnumbered parts may readily be deter-
mined by consulting the List of Publications
issued as one of the series.
CUBA BEFORE COLUMBUS
BY
M. R. HARRINGTON
PART I
(Volume II)
ULCUtfZUlO
V
CONTENTS OF PART I
Vol. II
Chapter X — Village-Site and Caves at
La Patana
Trail cut to La Patana 248
The water problem 249
Surroundings at La Patana 249
Village-site 250
The deposit — Specimens found 252
Burial cave 1 254
A Taino burial 255
Other burials 256
Burial cave 3 257
Cremated remains 257
Burial cave 2 257
Wooden platform 258
Result of excavations 260
Caverns 261
Big Water cave 261
The Cockroach Corridor 266
Rotunda of the Bats 267
Cueva Zemi 268
Petroglyphs 268
The zemi 269
Removal of the image 270
Specimens in Cueva Zemi 271
Explanation 272
Mylodon Cave 273
Burials and specimens 274
Cultures represented 275
Chapter XI — The Big Wall Site
Big wall 279
INDIAN NOTES
VI
CUBA
Refuse-heaps 280
Pits 284
Construction of the wall 286
Mounds 287
Burials 289
Artifacts 292
Pottery 292
Stone articles 294
Shell and bone work 296
Caches 296
Animal remains 297
Date of occupancy 298
Chapter XII — El Llndero, Laguna
Limones, Maisi, and Lesser Sites
El Lindero site 302
Laguna Limones site 304
Earthwork 305
Village-site 305
Specimens 307
Maisi site 308
Cultures represented 308
Yumuri cave 309
Site near Imias 309
Chapter XIII — Explorations near San-
tiago
Cueva del Muerto 311
How named 311
General features 312
Excavation 313
Specimens 313
Cultures represented 315
Other caves 316
ElCobre 316
Asserederos site 317
Region of Mayari 317
INDIAN NOTES
CONTENTS
VII
Chapter XIV — First Work in Pinar
del Rio
Luis Lazo Valley 321
Rock-shelter in the Hoyo Valteso 322
Specimens 322
Interpretation 324
Other caves 324
Cave at El Pescuero 325
Wooden specimens 326
Caves at Portales 327
The "Santico" 327
Rock-shelter 328
Chapter XV — Caves Near Portales De
Guane
The Portales district 329
Portales rock-shelter. 331
The deposit 332
Artifacts 333
Bat Cave 334
Cueva de Cenizas 336
Ash deposits 338
Animal remains 338
Stone objects 339
Gouges and vessels of shell 340
Culture identical with Ciboney 341
Flints 342
Human remains 342
Breccia 342
Other caves 343
Chapter XVI — Sites about Remates
La Guira 344
Taino celts 345
Pestles 345
Lake at Malpoton 346
Early find of wooden objects 346
AND MONOGRAPHS
vm
CUBA
Trip to Malpoton 347
The Malpoton plantation 348
How the wooden objects were found . . 348
Carved staff 346
Arrow 351
Fire-stick 353
Other carved sticks 354
Wooden bowls 354
Surface finds 356
Cayo Redondo Shellmound 357
Construction 358
Artifacts 358
Ciboney culture 359
Chapter XVII — Cabo San Antonio
The jungle trail 361
Valle San Juan 362
Two village sites 362
The great midden 362
Surface specimens 363
Excavations 364
Artifacts 364
Cuban hospitality 366
Caves 366
Cueva Contrera 367
Cueva Funche 368
Chapter XVIII — The Vinales District
Introduction 372
Topographical features 373
Cueva de los Santos 374
Cave at San Vicente 376
Site yielding Taino celts 377
Other sites 378
"Indians' oven" 378
INDIAN NOTES
CONTENTS
IX
Chapter XIX — Cultures Found in
Cuba
The Ciboney culture 385
Artifacts 385
Habitat 385
Burial customs 386
Skull form 386
The Tainan culture 386
Artifacts 386
Habitat 389
Burial customs 390
Skull form 390
Comparison of cultures 390
[ Objects in both cultures 391
r Objects of doubtful origin 394
Mixed sites 400
Sporadic finds 400
Distribution of Tainan culture 401
In Cuba 401
In other islands 403
Distribution of Ciboney culture 404
Primitive culture in other islands 406
Relative age 406
Chapter XX — Conclusions
Identification of cultures 403
The Ciboney 409
The Taino 412
Mainland influences 421
Ciboney or primitive culture 422
Origins in South America 423"
Theoretical peopling of the Antilles 424
Notes 428
Index 437
AND MONOGRAPHS
X
ILLUSTRATIONS
(Vol. II)
Plates
Ln.
Village-site at La Patana, Maisi 248
Lin.
View in Burial Cave No. 1, La
Patana, Maisi 250
LIV.
Plan of Burial Cave No. 1, La
Patana, Maisi 252
LV.
Taino burial, Cave No. 1, La
Patana, Maisi: a, looking
north; b, looking southeast. . 254
LVI.
View inside mouth, Big Water
cave, La Patana, Maisi 260
lvh.
Petroglyphs in Cueva Zemi, La
Patana, Maisi 264
lvih.
Petroglyphs in Cueva Zemi, La
Patana, Maisi 266
LIX.
East side of image in Cueva
Zemi, La Patana, Maisi 268
LX.
North side of image in Cueva
Zemi, La Patana, Maisi 270
LXI.
Burial in Mylodon cave, La
Patana, Maisi 274
lxh.
Plan of Big Wall site, San Lucas,
Maisi 276
Lxni.
View of embankment, Big Wall
site, San Lucas, Maisi 278
LXIV.
Hillside refuse heaps, Big Wall
site, San Lucas, Maisi 280
INDIAN NOTES
ILLUSTRATIONS
XI
lxv. Taino burial, Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi 286
lxvi. Taino burial, Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi 290
Lxvn. Dishes of pottery (Taino), from
Big Wall site, San Lucas,
Maisi . 292
lxviii. Vessels of pottery (Taino), from
El Lindero site, Maisi.. ..... 296
lxix. Fresh-water pond (Laguna Lim-
ones) , Maisi 300
lxx. Embankment, showing large ma-
hogany tree growing upon it,
part of an ancient earthwork
at Laguna Limones, Maisi 302
lxxi. Plan of earthwork and middens,
Laguna Limones, Maisi 304
lxxit. Small cave, near mouth of
Yumuri river, Baracoa 306
lxxiii. Cliff showing caves at Siboney,
near Santiago 308
lxxiv. South entrance, Cueva del
ago 310
lxxv. Excavation in Cueva del Muerto,
Siboney, near Santiago 312
lxxvi. Plan of Cueva del Muerto, Sibo-
ney, near Santiago 314
lxxvii. Petaloid celts (Taino), found
near Santiago 316
lxxviii. Petaloid celts (Taino), found
near Santiago 316
lxxix. Celts and pestles of stone
(Taino), found near Santiago. 31(
lxxx. Objects of pottery (Taino),
found near Santiago 318
AND MONOGRAPHS
XII
CUBA
lxxxi. Vessels of pottery (Taino), from
caves at Asserederos, west of
Santiago . .. 318
lxxxii. Vessels of pottery (Taino): a,
from Mayari; b, from Assere-
deros 318
Lxxxni. Typical mountains of Pinar del
'Rio 320
lxxxiv. A "mogote," or solitary peak,
in Pinar del Rio 322
lxxxv. First artifacts from Pinar del
Rio: a, flint chip; b, grinding
stone; c, d, potsherds 324
lxxxvi. Mass of rocks containing caves,
near Portales de Guane, Pinar
del Rio 326
lxxxvii. Palms, crags, and cave mouths,
near Portales de Guane, Pinar
del Rio 330
lxxxviii. Portales river, near Guane, Pinar
del Rio 336
Lxxxrx. Portales rock-shelter, near
Guane, Pinar del Rio 312
xc. Mouth of Bat cave, near Por-
tales de Guane, Pinar del Rio 346
xci. Interior of Bat cave, near Por-
tales de Guane, Pinar del Rio 354
xcn. Mouth of Cueva de Cenizas, near
Portales de Guane, Pinar del
Rio 358
xciii. Ash deposit in Cueva de Cenizas,
near Portales de Guane, Pinar
del Rio 362
xciv. Refuse deposit beneath rock,
Cueva de Cenizas: a, before
excavation; b, after excavation 366
INDIAN NOTES
ILLUSTRATIONS
XIII
xcv. Taino celts from Pinar del Rio,
found at La Giiira, near Re-
mates 372
xcvi. Palm-dotted sabana near Re-
mates, Pinar del Rio 374
xcvu. Scrub palms and scraggling pines
near Remates, Pinar del Rio . . 378
xcviii. Lake-bed filled with diluvium
and vegetation, at Malpoton,
near Remates, Pinar del Rio. 380
xcrx. Lake where the wooden objects
were found imbedded in the
muck. Malpoton, Remates,
Pinar del Rio 384
c. Wooden bowl found in muck of
lake-bed. Malpoton, near Re-
mates, Pinar del Rio 390
ci. Part of shellmound at Cayo Re-
dondo, Remates, Pinar del Rio 394
en. Jungle on Cabo San Antonio,
Pinar del Rio 398
cm. Lake at Valle San Juan, Cabo
San Antonio, Pinar del Rio,
near which there are two an-
cient sites 404
civ. Great midden at Valle San Juan,
Cabo San Antonio, Pinar del
Rio 408
cv. Mouth of Cueva Funche, Cabo
San Antonio, Pinar del Rio.. . 412
cvi. View near Vinales, Pinar del
Rio, showing character of the
mountains 414
evil. Site where Taino celts have been
found, near Mina Constancia,
San Vicente, Pinar del Rio. . 420
AND MONOGRAPHS
XIV
CUBA
cvin. Graphic table of Ciboney and
Taino cultures, showing arti-
facts and skull-form typical of
each 424
crx. Map showing aboriginal sites
and districts explored or re-
ported in Cuba with cultures
found in each 426
Figures
66. Potsherd with grotesque head (Taino)
from village-site at La Patana,
Maisi 250
67. Potsherd with grotesque figure (Taino)
from village-site at La Patana,
Maisi < 251
68. Jingler of shell (Taino) from village-
site at La Patana, Maisi 252
69. Ear-plug of shell (Taino) from village-
site at La Patana, Maisi 252
70. Doll or fetish of clay (Taino) restored
from fragments, from village-site at
La Patana, Maisi 253
71. Section of Burial Cave No. 2, La
Patana, Maisi 259
72. Section of the western edge, hillside
refuse deposit, Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi 281
73. Typical section of hillside refuse de-
posit, Big Wall site, San Lucas,
Maisi 282
74. Section of pit, Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi 284
INDIAN NOTES
ILLUSTRATIONS
XV
75. Section of small pit, Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi 286
76. Section of mound, Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi . ... 288
77. Potsherd with grotesque head (Taino),
from Big Wall site, San Lucas,
Maisi 293
78. Potsherd with grotesque figure
(Taino), from Big Wall site, San
Lucas, Maisi 293
79. Potsherd with animal head (Taino),
from Big Wall site, San Lucas,
Maisi 294
80. "Swallow-sticks" of bone (Taino): a,
from El Lindero site, b, from Big
Wall site, Maisi 295
81. Spearhead of iron found near surface,
Big Wall site, San Lucas, Maisi ... 298
82. Grotesque head of pottery (Taino),
from site at Finca Sitges, near Maisi 300
83. Rubbing-stone for making celts, etc.
(Taino), from Finca Sitges, near
Maisi 300
84. Bead of stone, ornate type (Taino),
from Pueblo Viejo, near Maisi. . . . 301
85. Fetish of stone (Taino), from site at
El Lindero, Maisi 303
86. Pendant of shell (Taino), restored
from fragments, from site at El
Lindero, Maisi 304
87. Amulet of shell (Taino) in form of a
mask, from Laguna Limones site,
Maisi 306
88. Amulet of shell (Taino) in form of a
bird, from Laguna Limones site,
Maisi 306
AND MONOGRAPHS
XVI
CUBA
89. Bead of stone (Taino), plain type, from
Laguna Limones site, Maisi 306
90. Rasp of sandstone (Taino), from the
Laguna Limones site, Maisi 307
91. Pendant of stone (Ciboney), from cave
at Siboney, near Santiago 314
92. Celt (Taino) from Mayari, collected
by Manuel Tamayo 318
93. Restoration of pottery vessels found in
rock-shelter in the Hoyo Valteso,
near San Carlos, Pinar del Rio .... 323
94. Plan of the Portales rock-shelter 332
95. Section of the deposit in the Portales
rock-shelter 333
96. Plan of the Bat Cave 335
97. Plan of the Cueva -de Cenizas 337
98. Section of the deposit in the Cueva de
Cenizas 339
99. Hammerstone (Ciboney), from Cueva
de Cenizas, near Guane, Pinar del
Rio 340
100. Vessel of shell (Ciboney), from Cueva
de Cenizas, near Guane, Pinar del
Rio 341
101. Pestle of stone from La Giiira, near Re-
mates, Pinar del Rio 345
102. Baton of wood (Ciboney?), found in
mud of a lake bottom at Malpoton,
near Remates, Pinar del Rio. . 350
103. Arrow of wood (Ciboney?), found in
mud of a lake bottom at Malpoton,
Pinar del Rio 352
104. Mortar of stone (Ciboney), found on
the surface at Malpoton, Remates,
Pinar del Rio 356
INDIAN NOTES
ILLUSTRATIONS
xvn
105. Sketch map of the Cayo Redondo
shellheap 357
106. Gouge of shell (Ciboney), from midden
at Valle San Juan, Cabo San An-
tonio, Pinar del Rio 363
107. Bead of shell (Ciboney), from midden
at Valle San Juan, Cabo San An-
tonio, Pinar del Rio 363
108. Diagrammatic section of the Cueva
Funche 369
109. Plan and section of the "Indians'
Oven" 379
110. Axe of stone (Carib type), from Mesa
Abajo, near Maisi 418
111. Axe of stone (Carib type), from Banes,
near Holguin 419
AND MONOGRAPHS
CHAPTER X
Village-site and Caves at La Patana
A' FTER establishing our temporary
headquarters at Finca Sitges, the
home of Sr Rev, our first task
was to examine the situation at
La Patana, a journey which had to be made
on foot down over the cliffs, and the Mesa of
La Papaya, which forms the highest step of
the series before reaching the summit pla-
teau of Gran Tierra de Maya, La Patana
being the next large step below La Papaya.
First we visited Sr Mosquera the elder, two
of whose sons had worked or us, himself
an old Spaniard, who had married an In-
dian woman and lived with their sons and
daughters and their families, in a veritable
little village of palm-thatched bohios, each
occupied by one of the old couple's offspring.
One of the sons was detailed to show us the
prospects, and it took but little examina-
247
AND MONOGRAPHS
248
CUBA
tion of the village-site and caves on our part
to convince us that the place was well worth
exploring.
TRAIL CUT TO LA PATANA
The problem then arose as to how to get
our camp outfit in, for it was plain that no
pack-mules could travel the steep trail over
the two sets of cliffs by which we had come
on foot from Gran Tierra. The Mosqueras
had no horses or mules, for they raised
most of their food at home, and sold only
honey and beeswax which they carried out
on their backs, and for this reason had
never cut a mule trail out to civilization; so
this task fell to us, and we were obliged to
spend a number of days hewing, with axe
and machete, a path wide enough for laden
mules through miles of tropical forest along
the mesa to the main trail from Gran
Tierra to Maisi. Several rocky ledges had
to be crossed also, and in these many danger-
ous holes had to be filled with rocks and
earth before we were finally able to get our
saddle-horses and pack-mules in and to set
INDIAN NOTES
LA PA TANA SITE
249
up camp in a convenient spot about half-
way between the caves and the village-site.
THE WATER PROBLEM
The fresh water problem we solved, as
had the Indians and their successors the
Mosqueras, by bringing our supply fresh
every day from water-holes in the caves;
groceries were brought from Sr Rev's store
at Finca Sitges, while such things as sweet
potatoes and pldtanos, or cooking bananas,
we bought from our neighbors.
SURROUNDINGS AT LA PATANA
On looking about us we found La Patana
to be a narrow mesa or shelf, averaging a
quarter of a mile wide, extending from the
Ovando canon northward to the brink of
the canon of the Rio Maya, bounded on the
west by the base of a wall-like cliff contain-
ing many caves, to the east by the brink of
another and lower precipice. In some spots
there is quite a layer of soil, which seems
rich; in other places nothing but the rough
coral limestone may be seen, with just
enough soil in its crevices to give foothold
AND MONOGRAPHS
250
CUBA
to a forest which seems to thrive equally
well in the rocks as in the areas of real soil;
a forest in which the only clearings now vis-
ible are the little fields of the Mosqueras.
VILLAGE-SITE
The ancient village-site (No. 17, pi.
xxvn), lies about half-way between the
Fig. 66. — Poisherd with grotesque head (Taino) from
village-site at La Patana, Maisi. (Length, 3 in.)
base of the western cliff and the brink
of the eastern, mainly in one of these little
INDIAN NOTES
LA PATANA SITE
251
fields, but runs off into a new clearing,
where most of the excavations were made,
and into the adjoining woods (pi. lii).
Remains of fairly high middens were ob-
FiG. 67. — Potsherd wjth grotesque figure (Taino) from
village-site at La Patana, Maisi. (Length, 7 in.)
served in the field, but so dug to pieces by
the Mosqueras that their forms could not be
traced, while outside the field there were no
distinct middens, but simply village refuse
AND MONOGRAPHS
252
CUBA
in patches, sometimes reaching a depth of
fifteen inches and covering, including the
part within the field, about an acre and a
half.
The Deposit. — Specimens Found. — The
refuse deposit was composed, as usual, of
Fig. 68.— Jingler of shell Fig. 69.— Ear-plug of
(Taino) from village-site at shell (Taino) from village-
La Patana, Maisi. (Length, site at La Patana, Maisi.
2 in.) (Diameter, .6 in)
soil mixed with ashes, charcoal, and ter-
restrial and marine shells, and contained
potsherds (in several instances, restorable
vessels), many of them highly decorated
and bearing grotesque heads-(figs. 66, 67),
ornaments of shell, including pendants and
jinglers (fig. 68), and ear-plugs (fig. 69),
»
INDIAN NOTES
LA PAT AN A SITE
253
stone and shell beads, fragments of curious
small clay idols or dolls, one of which (re-
stored) is shown in fig. 70, an unusually
Fig. 70. — Doll or fetish of clay (Taino), restored from
fragments, from village-site at La Patana, Maisi. (Height,
about 5 in.)
good pestle of coralline stone, a fragment of
a dish made from the bone of some large
cetacean, showing fine carving, celts of
petaloid type, — and the rubbing stones used
AND MONOGRAPHS
254
CUBA
in making them, — in short, a typical collec-
tion of the Taino culture. The usual bones
of jutias, fish, and turtles were also un-
earthed, representing the animal foods of the
ancient inhabitants. It should be remem-
bered also that the beautiful wooden plat-
ter shown in the frontispiece, mentioned in
Chapter VIII, one of the finest pieces of
Taino art, was found in a cave not far from
this village-site.
BURIAL CAVE 1
While the major part of La Patana col-
lection came from this village-site, the most
interesting and unusual results were derived
from the caves (No. 18), the first of which,
called in our notes Burial Cave 1 (pi.
lilt), was found by one of the Mosqueras
not far south of the village-site. En-
countering a dry cave, he scratched therein
and unearthed a piece of skull to which
still clung a wisp of faded black hair.
Our digging showed the floor to be a yel-
lowish loam, full of disintegrated limestone,
about twenty inches deep to rock-bottom
and slanting gently upward toward the
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON— CUBA. I
TAINO BURIAL, CAVE NO, 1. LA PATANA, MAISI
(a, Looking north; b, Looking southeast)
LA PATANA CAVES
255
back of the irregular shallow cave, which
was only about thirty-five feet deep.
A Taino Burial. — At the point indicated
on the plan (pi. liv), the nearly perfect
skeleton of an old man was found, heading
northeast and facing southwest, the skull
only eight inches from the surface, the hips
twelve inches. Lying partly on the left
side, its legs were flexed and the hands
crossed on the abdomen, as shown in the
photograph (pi. lv). The skull was arti-
ficially flattened to a very marked degree,
and about it still remained traces of hair,
while pieces of coarse fiber cord appeared
near the head, and particularly near the
hips, where it may have formed part of some
kind of breechcloth. The bones were clearly
those of a prehistoric Indian, but were much
better preserved than the skeletons with
natural skulls found in the caves frequented
by the Ciboney tribesmen, giving rise to the
conviction that these were probably the
remains of one of the Taino people, a theory
afterward borne out by the rinding of a
number of flat-head skeletons in a Taino
village-site. It may be remarked here that,
AND MONOGRAPHS
256
CUBA
while flattened skulls are frequently found
on the surface in the inner rooms of caves,
it is very rare to find a skeleton of this sort
interred in the floor of a cave; although
skeletons with natural skulls are commonly
so found. This specimen was given to Dr
de la Torre of Habana for the Cuban gov-
ernment, to be deposited in the Museo
Montane of the National University.
Other Burials. — Two burials of loose, dis-
jointed bones were then found, each at a
depth of about fourteen inches, one about
four feet northwest of the first skull, the
other six feet farther in the same direction,
the two deposits containing, between them,
the remains of three individuals. Some of
these had been disturbed when Mosquera
tested the cave. Nine feet north-north-
west of the skull of skeleton No. 1 were
found, eighteen inches deep, parts of the
skeleton of a child between two and three
years of age, but so disturbed that its
original position could not be determined,
except that the skull headed northwest.
Loose human bones, a few flint chips, some
bits of charcoal, and the claw of a great
INDIAN NOTES
LA PAT ANA CAVES
257
ground sloth (Megalocnus sp.), were found in
the general digging.
BURIAL CAVE 3
Cremated Remains. — A short distance
southwest of this cave, in the same bluff, we
found an open rock-shelter, some 30 ft.
long and 15 ft. deep, containing only about
six inches of soil underlaid by solid rock, a
soil which, on examination, proved to be
composed largely of disintegrated bone
ashes, and filled with thousands of pieces of
burned and broken human bones lying
among slabs and pieces of rock — a condition
very similar to that observed at Boca Ca-
leta in the Cueva de Huesos. No artifacts
were discovered in this shelter, which was
probably either a crematory or a repository
for cremated remains. We recorded it in
our notes as Burial Cave 3.
BURIAL CAVE 2
This cave (they were named in order of
discovery), about 130 yards northeast of
Burial Cave 1, was a small chamber very
near the top of the cliff, its difficulty of
AND MONOGRAPHS
258
CUBA
access being increased by a perpendicular
climb of about seven feet just before reach-
ing its entrance. The mouth is a narrow,
high, open rock-shelter commanding a mag-
nificent view of the nearby wild and rocky
shores, and, on clear days, far in the dis-
tance across the Windward Passage the
misty blue mountains ot Haiti, mountains
at whose feet nestle tiny white specks — the
houses along the coast.
Back of this entrance a very narrow pas-
sage of three or four feet leads to an irregu-
lar but roughly rectangular chamber, about
8 ft. wide by 10 ft. deep, whose height, be-
fore excavation, averaged 8 or 9 ft.
Wooden Platform. — The first thing we
noticed on entering was the fact that in the
back part of the cave six ancient looking
poles, perhaps 2\ in. to 3 in. in diameter,
had been wedged in so as to form a rude
rack, or platform, as shown in the accom-
panying sketch (fig. 71), about two feet
above the floor, upon which lay fragments of
two more poles which had rotted to such an
extent that they had broken of their own
weight. Removing some of the poles, we
INDIAN NOTES
H.«
LA PA TANA CAVES
259
found from inspection of their ends that
they had been laboriously cut down and
hacked into proper lengths with a stone
Scale of Feet
Fig. 71.— Section of Burial Cave No. 2, La Patana,
Maisi. (a, Rack of poles cut with stone axes; B, Layer of
guano containing decayed human bones; c, Ashes contain-
ing charred human bones.)
AND MONOGRAPHS
260
CUBA
hatchet, and, except in one case, without
the aid of fire. Most of them, although of
hardwood, were in such a stage of decom-
position that they could not be preserved,
but we succeeded in finding a few that
seemed likely to hold together, and from
these we sawed the worked ends for ship-
ment to the Museum.
Result of Excavations. — Digging revealed
the fact that the floor consisted of two
layers, the upper six inches deep and com-
posed almost entirely of bat guano, in
which, particularly under the rude platform,
were a number of badly decayed human
bones arranged as if the poles had supported
a body, which, decaying, had fallen between
them in pieces which were gradually covered
by the ever-accumulating bat deposit, the
chemical constituents of which caused a
decay not commonly noticed when bones
are buried in ordinary soil. Beneath this
top layer was another, averaging two feet
deep and consisting of soil and ashes, plen-
tifully mixed with burnt fragments of human
bone, but without artifacts of any kind.
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WATER CAVE
261
Caverns
Perhaps a mile southwestward from Burial
Cave 2, and in the same cliff, lay the most
remarkable series of caverns encountered
during the whole expedition (No. 19 on
map). To reach the first of them we fol-
lowed the path worn by the feet of the
Mosqueras in their daily quest of water
southward from their village; this finally
turned to the right and' ascended the rocky
slope, perhaps thirty feet to the foot of the
cliff, where we found a very small, low cave,
almost hidden behind a huge jagiiey tree.
Entering this, still following the trail, we
suddenly emerged into a large cave, with a
mouth fully 20 ft. high and 112 ft. long;
but this opening was so blocked with fallen
stones that it was easier to enter through
the small grotto.
BIG WATER CAVE
The high, vaulted roof of this stately
cavern is hung with a myriad of white stalac-
tites, while scattered here and there about
the floor are many massive stalagmites (pi.
AND MONOGRAPHS
262
CUBA
lvi) , looking from a distance like groups of
statuary in an exhibition hall. The middle
of the chamber is occupied by a knoll of
fallen rocks and earth, behind which may be
found a number of natural basins in the rock,
affording good drinking water most of the
year; in fact they became dry only during
seasons of extreme drought.
The writer naturally thought that such a
spacious, clean, airy, and comparatively
well-lighted cavern would surely show traces
of long occupancy by the Indians, but such
was not the case, careful tests failing to show
any trace of them except a little camp-refuse
just inside the entrance.
A large pit in the floor of the southern
side of the entrance then attracted our
attention, but painstaking search failed to
find in it any traces of occupancy. We did,
however, find a passage extending from the
bottom of this pit back into the mountain,
and this we followed around several turns,
ever slanting downward. Suddenly we
were halted — the floor of our subterranean
corridor dropped into nothingness, for a
great chasm yawned before us. Awed by
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WATER CAVE
263
this discovery, we were standing in silence
when we noted a peculiar, distant, roaring
sound emanating from the abyss — sometimes
a little softer, sometimes a little louder, but
never ending — and try as we would, we
could not at first place it. Cautiously
dropping a stone over the edge, we fully
expected to hear it splash into water after a
lapse of time, but instead, we heard it ring
against rock almost immediately; but there
was still an interval sufficient between the
time of dropping and striking, to convince
us that we were high above the floor of the
gulf before us. About this time we noticed
bats flitting by, and as Dr Rodriguez
wished to catch some for the collection in
Habana, we turned down our lights and
waited while he tried for them with his
butterfly net. After our eyes became ac-
customed to the dim light, we noticed, to
our surprise, a faint ray of daylight far below
our level, on the opposite side of the black
void, which showed us that it must have
another connection with the outside. Then
the writer questioned the guide, who was
one of the Mosqueras, whether he knew of
AND MONOGRAPHS
264
CUBA
any opening from outside directly into the
cavern before us, to which he replied that
once when a boy he had been hunting
jiuias, when one escaped from him into a
pit, from which it entered a hole in the rock.
Following, he found himself in a great, dark
chamber, and was so frightened that he
made his escape as fast as he could, and had
not returned since, but could still take us to
the place, which he thought might prove to
be the right one.
So he led us out of the cave and around the
face of the cliff to the southwest, where, on
emerging from the bushes, we came upon a
great hole, directly at the foot of the preci-
pice, along which it extended for about 220
ft., with a depth of 12 to 15 ft. and a width
of 20 ft., and was spanned in the middle by
a natural bridge The inevitable jagiiey
tree, apparently like the other two men-
tioned before, stood planted by a kindly
fate directly on the brink, but we did not
have to use its pendent roots, for there
was a tree growing in the pit, by means of
whose branches, together with a notched
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WATER CAVE
265
pole, we made our way more easily to the
bottom.
Several cave openings were noticed run-
ning into the cliff, into one of which, se-
lected at random, we made our way and
found ourselves in a great natural rotunda,
which, judging from the roaring sound
plainly audible, seemed to be the one we had
approached from above. To make sure,
two of the party were dispatched back
around to the other cave with a lantern, and
surely enough, after a time the flickering
light appeared in a little opening high above
the floor of the rotunda.
A search about this chamber, and several
test-holes made in the floor, revealed noth-
ing in the way of relics, but we were finally
able to locate the roaring sound as coming
from a passage opening westward, the
mouth of which was nearly blocked by large,
fallen rocks. Finding these difficult to
overcome, and remembering the other open-
ings near, we returned to the pit and tried
a large, roughly funnel-shaped cave-mouth
about 100 feet to the west. This led us
to a tunnel that extended into the passage
AND MONOGRAPHS
266
CUBA
blocked from the rotunda by the pile of
rocks, a spot where the roaring sound was
louder than we had heard it before. It
came from an opening about 25 ft. wide
and 15 ft. high, leading westward.
The Cockroach Corridor. — Turning into
this, we found ourselves in a tunnel on a
soft floor of bat guano, with a rocky ridge
down the middle, all of which was literally
crawling with thousands of great cock-
roaches— one could not step without crush-
ing them. Pressing on, we soon noticed
centipedes, some of them very large, moving
among the roaches, while the walls of the
passage were decorated with huge spider-
like creatures, which later proved to be a
species of tailless scorpion. Bats wheeled
overhead in large numbers, and filled the
air with their twittering squeaks of protest.
As we went on toward the ever-increasing
roar, the air grew hotter and hotter, and
more and more oppressive, until our clothing
became soaked with sweat. Finally, two
of the oil lanterns went out and could not
be relighted, and even the acetylene bulls-
eye began to flicker in the heavy air, so
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA,
PETROGLYPHS IN CUEVA ZEMI. LA PATANA, MAISI
BIG WATER CAVE
267
we were reluctantly compelled to turn back
without solving the mystery. On our way
out, the author noticed a little mound of
struggling cockroaches, which he scattered
with his foot to see what had caused the
excitement, and found the body of a baby
bat already half-picked to a skeleton, which
aroused reflections not only as to how the
roaches of the cave found a living, but also
on what might happen to a man should he
faint and fall from lack of oxygen in that
dismal dungeon.
Rotunda of the Bats. — Some days later we
tried again to unravel the secret of the cock-
roach corridor, and this time succeeded,
reaching the point where it debouched into
another great rotunda before the bad air
drove us back, and found that the roaring
sound proceeded from the wings of thou-
sands of bats flying round and round the
rotunda, looking for a place to light not
already occupied by one of their myriad
comrades. We found out later that it re-
quires nearly two hours for them to come
out of the cave every night, flying in a
steady stream. Thinking that the heat
AND MONOGRAPHS
268
CUBA
might come from their bodies, in the close
and unventilated cave, the writer reasoned
that the place must cool off somewhat dur-
ing the absence of the bats at night, and
that they must bring in with them a lot of
fresh air when they flocked back at dawn.
So we made a third attempt early one morn-
ing and found the temperature much lower
and the air distinctly better, so much so
that we were able to penetrate the cave to
the middle of the bat's rotunda, from which
point we could see the opening of still an-
other corridor leading westward. But we
were obliged to leave without exploring this,
as we could endure the fetid atmosphere no
longer.
CUEVA ZEMI
Petroglyphs. — On the way out, the writer
was searching the walls for rock-carvings
when he espied in a crevice a large boa, or
majd, which Dr Rodriguez succeeded in
capturing for the Parque Colon in Habana.
On arriving at the entrance we sat down to
rest, tired and discouraged at finding such
slight traces of man in so wonderful a
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA, I
EAST SIDE OF IMAGE IN CUEVA ZEMI, LA PATANA, MAISI
CUEVA ZEMI
269
cavern; and the author watched idly while
one of the Indian aids removed his scant
clothing to bathe in a little natural pool on
the northern side of the entrance, and was
admiring the bronze beauty of the man's
figure when his eye rested on the cave wall
back of the pool, and noticed thereon in
plain daylight, but partially hidden by a
mossy growth, some genuine ancient petro-
glyphs, the series shown in pi. lvii, and a
little farther back another carving (pi.
lviii) . Looking about for more, the writer
was astonished to find that a large stalag-
mite we had passed many times on our way
into the cave had not only a plainly marked
face, but indications of a body carved upon
it (pi. lix).
The Zemi. — The stalagmite stood some
fifty feet back from the shelter-line of the
cave-mouth, but in plain if subdued day-
light. About 4 feet high, it measured at
the base about 25 inches from north to
south, and nearly 7 feet from east to west,
an elongate form with two points projecting
upward, the westernmost short, with three
little hollows pecked into it and forming a
AND MONOGRAPHS
270
CUBA
rude face consisting of eyes and mouth only,
looking westward. The highest and largest
point of the formation rose from its eastern
end, and here we found the most carving,
the face first discovered, made by pecked-in
grooves, with mouth, nose, and eyes plainly
marked, while other grooves suggested
limbs and male genitals, and another groove
encircled the forehead like a head-band.
This image faced east, and was so placed by
nature that at a certain time in the morning,
at least during our stay in June and July, a
shaft of sunlight striking through a crevice
fell full upon the face of the figure for a few
minutes. The south side of the head bore a
third rude face indicated by three shallow
depressions; the north side, in addition to
the groovings which may have represented
an ear of the large face, a fourth, this time
outlined with a groove, as may be seen in
the photograph (pi. lx), to take which in a
satisfactory manner we had to whiten the
grooves with cassava starch.
Removal of the Image. — The removal of
the image, or zemi. seemed impossible at
first, for it weighed 800 or 900 pounds;
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA.
NORTH SIDE OF IMAGE IN CUEVA ZEMI, LA PATANA, MAISI
CUEVA ZEMI
271
but the problem was finally solved by saw-
ing it into five pieces with the aid of a two-
man lumber saw (which had to be sharpened
very frequently), carrying these pieces by
hand out of the cave and up out of the pit,
loading them on mules and thus transporting
them to Maisi, where they were packed in
boxes made of wide cedar boards sawed out
by hand from the trees of the forest, and
loaded on a little schooner which touched
occasionally to bring provisions to the
lighthouse when the weather was good.
This in turn took them to Baracoa, where
they were shipped on board a Norwegian
fruiter to New York.
Specimens in Cueva Zemi. — Careful search
of the cave-mouth, the bottom of which was
very rocky, and which measured 60 ft. wide
and 120 ft. deep to the opening of the tun-
nel, revealed little, but a spot about 8 ft. in
diameter had been cleared in front of the
image, floored with blackened earth mixed
with ashes to the depth of about 8 in., which
yielded jutia, turtle, ground sloth, and fish
bones, and a few bits of chipped flint and
plain potsherds. Elsewhere in the cave,
AND MONOGRAPHS
272
CUBA
among the rocks, were found two sticks, ap-
parently worked by the Indians, and a num-
ber of potsherds, hammerstones, and the
like, but nothing to indicate plainly the
culture of the old inhabitants except the
handle of a vessel, a rubbing stone, and part
of an unfinished celt which looks very
much as if it belonged to the Tainan culture.
Probably both peoples had been there. We
called the cavern "Cueva Zemi," in honor
of the image, such things being called
cemi, or zemi, by the Taino Indians at the
time of the discovery, according to the old
writers; but the future traveler in La Patana
will do well to ask for the Cueva Cucaracha,
or "Cockroach Cave," which more prosaic
appellation gained considerable vogue among
the natives; or, better still, the Cueva de los
Bichos, or "Cave of the Bugs."
Explanation. — It seems probable that the
mysteries of the hot, dark, subterranean
chambers, the roaring sound, the millions of
cockroaches, and thousands of bats, existed
in Indian days, as well as now — if so, these
awe-inspiring phenomena may well have
caused the selection of this particular cave
INDIAN NOTES
MYLODON CAVE
273
as a special spot for "cavern worship,"
known to have existed also among the
related Indians of Haiti.
MYLODON CAVE
Passing northeastward through the large
rotunda where the roaring sound was first
heard, and several low-roofed chambers in
none of which did we find any trace of habi-
tation, we came at last to another cave
mouth, this opening but very little below the
level of the mesa. This we followed back-
ward and downward to about three hundred
feet through a wide and open passage into a
roomy chamber, perhaps seventy-five feet
in diameter, partly surrounded by a kind of
gallery at a considerable height above the
floor. The passage entered at the level of
this gallery, and was connected with the
floor by a natural inclined plane, down
which we passed, and found the bottom of
the chamber covered with a mixture of bat
guano, disintegrated limestone, and what
appeared to be ashes, averaging about four-
teen inches deep, but sometimes as much as
twenty-two inches before solid rock bottom
AND MONOGRAPHS
274
CUBA
was reached. This contained many marine
shells of the varieties known locally as sigua
and cobo, some broken to extract the animal,
a flint chip, and a number of claws and
bones of a ground sloth that we took to be a
Mylodon, but which turned out to be a
Megalocnus. We, however, cheerful in our
ignorance, named the place "Mylodon
Cave," which now is written into the
records and cannot well be changed. It
was plain that while the ancient people had
often been in this part of the cave, they had
not lived here regularly, for careful search
failed to reveal anything more except, lying
among the rocks, part of a pottery vessel
bearing a kind of cross-hatch decoration
like the pottery of Jamaica, sometimes in
eastern Cuba found on Ciboney sites.
Burials and Specimens. — The entrance
chamber, 21 ft. wide and 28 ft. deep,
with a mouth 8 ft. high, was then exam-
ined, a trench being dug along the eastern
side, which revealed a dark earth layer
ranging from 12 to 19 in. deep, containing
many potsherds, turtle-bones, fish-bones,
and other traces of Indian occupancy, and
INDIAN NOTES
mm
MYLODON CAVE
275
next to the eastern wall, covered by a pile of
stones mixed with very little earth, the skele-
ton of an old man, lying on its left side with
knees drawn up, heading southeastward.
Most of the skull and many of the other
bones, including all those of the feet, were
missing; the lower jaw was dislocated and
placed near the knees, as shown in the
photograph (pi. lxi). As the trench was
continued, many bones of food animals
came to light, together with some worked
stones, including a large block of hematite;
while far underneath the shelving rock, at
the side, were the ribs, spine, and arm-
bones of a child about three years of age,
seven inches from the surface, the skull,
hips, and legs being missing. Tests else-
where near the entrance showed a shallow
refuse layer, but no further work was done.
Cultures Represented. — On the whole, the
objects found here seemed to belong to the
Ciboney culture, with a few potsherds
which might have come from the Taino.
After visiting a very beautiful cave, par-
ticularly rich in stalactites, just southwest
of the Cueva Zemi, and finding nothing
AND MONOGRAPHS
276
CUBA
there, we reluctantly left La Patana for the
equally sparse, if not quite so primitive,
settlement called San Lucas, across the
canon of the Rio Maya, and considerably
nearer to Cape Maisi.
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA,
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PLAN OF "BIG WALL SITE." SAN LUCAS. MAISI
CHAPTER XI
The Big Wall Site
WHILE working at La Patana, as
before related, word was brought
to us of a site where many celts
and other objects had been picked
up at a place called San Lucas, on the oppo-
site or northern side of the Rio Maya canon,
and somewhat nearer to Cape Maisi, as in-
dicated by No. 20 on the map (pi. xxvn).
General Features. — When we visited
the site, we found it occupying a low knoll,
perhaps an eighth of a mile from the canon's
brink, and about the same distance from the
foot of the second paredon, or cliff, counting
from Cape Maisi, from which cliff it was
separated by a shallow and rocky little
valley, growing deeper northward. The
entire top of the knoll was covered with
abundant signs of ancient habitation, an
area somewhat oval in form, about 460 feet
277
AND MONOGRAPHS
278
CUBA
long and 300 feet wide, including the refuse-
heaps on the slopes, the longer axis running
north-northwest to south-southeast, as may
be seen on the plan of the site (pi. lxii).
The slope of the wooded hillside was
slight southward toward the Rio Maya;
toward the east the land dipped gently
away, forested with dwarfish trees in the
direction of Cape Maisi; to the north, at
the end of a long, gradual, timbered incline,
lay the open fields of a little farm; but to
the west the declivity was steep, down into
the little valley; this was partly cleared,
revealing the fact that the soil, when not
blackened by village refuse, was a kind of
red clay. % $i
Where the ancient inhabitants could have
obtained their water seemed at first a mys-
tery, as the "Rio" Maya is merely a dry
canon except in times of especially heavy
rain, and there are no springs or brooks
about; but we soon found that the present
natives get their supply from a water-hole
in a nearby cave, and that there is a
casimba, or natural cistern, in the rocky
valley not far distant. Near it still lay the
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
279
fragments of a large pottery vessel, prob-
ably brought to carry water back to the
village — brought once too often.
Big Wall. — The most notable feature of
the place was a great elongate mound or
wall of earth bounding it to the east (pi.
lxiii), a structure 260 ft. in length, 30 to 40
ft. wide, and about 6 ft. high at the crest,
near the middle, but tapering off toward the
ends. This it was that led us to name the
place "Big Wall Site." Near each end of
the wall, but west of it, was a small circular
mound, while another, still smaller, lay to
the northward of the center, on the brink
of the slope leading down to the little
valley. The respective positions of these
features are seen in the plan (pi. lxii).
The appearance of things in general,
especially the part under cultivation, con-
vinced the writer that the site should be
explored. The owner, Sr Rumualdo Matos,
being willing, we moved our camp thither
early in August, and set up our tents be-
neath the spreading branches of a huge
jagiley tree, not far from the owner's palm-
thatched cottage. Digging a few test-
AND MONOGRAPHS
280
CUBA
holes about the place, we soon found that
indications of habitations were so abundant
all over the top of the knoll that a little work
almost anywhere would uncover fragments
of pottery, a grinding-stone, or something
of the kind; and that wherever the soil was
worn or washed, as in the paths, careful
search would reveal beads of stone or of.
shell.
Refuse-heaps. — It was soon also dis-
covered that the slopes, almost all the way
around, were covered with refuse deposits,
particularly on the western hillside toward
the little valley, where the deepest of all lay
within the limits of the cultivated field,
reaching a depth of 4 feet 7 inches in places.
The photographs taken of this spot at the
time were not successful, so another was
made when the writer revisited the place in
1919 (pi. lxiv), at which time the field, once
cultivated, was found grown up in weeds
and undergrowth.
Our first trench was commenced in this
hillside midden at the bottom of the slope,
at the western end of the section marked
Trench 1 on the plan (pi. lxii). On the
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
281
surface was found a layer of red clay, which
grew thinner as we proceeded up the hill,
until it disappeared entirely: this had un-
doubtedly been washed down from above
since Indian days; then came a layer of dark
soil from 14 to 27 inches deep, containing
Scale of Fee^
Fig. 72. — Section of the western edge, hillside refuse
deposit, Big Wall Site, San Lucas, Maisi. (a. Red clay;
b, Dark refuse layer with artifacts; c, Layer of crab-claws,
shells, and ashes, with artifacts; d, Rock.)
village refuse such as ashes, pieces of pot-
tery bowls and plates, including many effigy
handles; shell ornaments, whole and broken;
marine and terrestrial shells; animal bones,
and the like. Then at the bottom, as shown
in fig. 72, came a deposit or pocket, in the
rocky red clay subsoil, of almost pure crab-
claws, small snail-shells, and ashes. Occa-
AND MONOGRAPHS
282
CUBA
sional irregular ash-layers covering limited
areas were encountered throughout the
deposit, and similar layers of snail-shells,
mostly terrestrial, together with fish and
jutia bones, the whole mixed with red clay,
and often 8 inches thick.
Scale of Feet
Fig. 73. — Typical section of hillside refuse deposit.
Big Wall Site, San Lucas, Maisi. (a, Dark refuse, arti-
facts; b, Hard, yellow, gravelly soil, few artifacts; c, Snail-
shells, crab-claws, ashes, artifacts; D, Rocky red clay, no
artifacts.)
The depth of this hillside deposit averaged
30 to 36 inches, with some deeper and some
shallower places. In some places the layers
could hardly be distinguished, in others
they were quite well marked, as shown in
the typical section of Trench 3 given in
fig. 73, in which the top and third layers,
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
283
both marked a, are of typical, dark, village
soil, full of debris; b is a hard, gravelly,
yellow layer, with very few objects; c
largely ashes, crab-claws and snail-shells;
and d the rocky, red, undisturbed clay form-
ing the subsoil.
The deposit reached its maximum depth
just below the brow of the hill, where it ex-
tended from 4 feet to 4 feet 7 inches; above
the brink the layers of hard, gravelly soil
increased in number and depth, the pot-
sherds averaged smaller and complete objects
rarer, while the layers of dark village refuse
grew rapidly thinner, and finally became
exhausted, leaving only the rocky red sub-
soil of the hill, topped with but a thin and
stony village layer, which tests showed us
in no place reached a depth of more than
18 inches.
Toward the south, as the slope of the hill-
side grew gentler, the hillside refuse-heap
grew thinner, but still remained quite pro-
ductive, as native workers found; it could be
traced around the southern edge of the site
nearly to the "big wall" itself.
To the north, the refuse-heap thinned out
AND MONOGRAPHS
284
CUBA
considerably, being only about 2 feet 3
inches deep in Trench 11, which was dug
in the thickest spot that could be found,
but it, too, could be traced around the end
of the site, coming to a close near the path,
where Trench 10 revealed a depth of only
17 inches. Near the northern end of the
wall another refuse-bed, exposed by Trench
13, showed a maximum depth of only 20
inches.
ScAle of Feet
Fig. 74— Section of pit, .big Wall Site, San Lucas, Maisi.
(a, Black earth; b, Dark earth; c, White ashes; D, Shells;
e, Stones, black earth; r, Stony red clay.)
Pits. — Just above the brow of the hill,
Trench 1 extended into a pit (No. 1), visible
from the surface as a slight depression, and
filled with soil and refuse, as seen in the sec-
tion (fig. 74), among which was found the
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
285
greater part of the rim of a very unusual
vessel, and a number of articles of bone and
shell, although the refuse deposit about it,
nearing its end, was practically barren.
Most of the artifacts were found above the
lower black layer, but there were some. pot-
sherds in the very bottom. The layer
marked c consisted of white ashes, d of
snail-shells and bits of crab-claws broken
into small pieces.
Pit 2, about half-way down the slope,
reached a depth of 4 feet 1 inch, although
the average depth of the village layer about
it was only 27 inches. It was not visible
from the surface, and the regular layers of
the refuse-heap extended unbroken over it,
dipping but slightly as shown in the section
(fig. 75), so that in all probability it dates
from an early period. This seems more
probable in view of the fact that a thin
layer of red clay (d), evidently laid down
by the wash from the hill before the refuse-
heap was deposited, also extends unbroken
over it. It had been dug down into the red
clay (d) between the rocks (f); the lower
layer (b) consisted of typical refuse, in-
AND MONOGRAPHS
286
CUBA
eluding a few shells, the next one above (e)
of snail-shells and crab-claws, with very
little admixture.
Something like this, but containing a
larger admixture of earth and ashes, was the
layer (b) of the regular refuse deposit above;
Scale of reet
Fig. 75. — Section of small pit, Big Wall Site, San Lucas,
Maisi. (a, Dark earth; b, Shells and refuse; c, Gray
earth; d, Red clay; e, Snail -shells and crab-claws; f, Rocks.)
c was grayish earth with a few artifacts,
while a was the typical, dark, village layer
containing the ordinary refuse.
Pit 3, a depression visible from the surface
just north of the expedition camp, was not
explored.
Construction of the Wall. — Excava-
tion of the wall had been left to the last,
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA,
TAINO BURIAL, "BIG WALL SITE," SAN LUCAS, MAISI
BIG WALL SITE
287
because our test-holes had shown that we
might look for better results in the hillside
refuse-heap; but this proved to be unfortu-
nate, for we had barely commenced our
digging in this tumulus when the rainy
season set in with such downpours every
day that the work had to be brought to a
close.
We dug enough, however, to find that the
wall was composed entirely of village refuse,
with some stones, much mixed, and in the
part we excavated, without definite layers,
and rested on the red-clay subsoil. Sherds,
marine and terrestrial shells, jutia bones,
and all the familiar midden objects were
abundant.
Mounds. — Just to the north and a little
to the west of Pit 1, as shown on the map
(pi. lxii), was one of the low mounds be-
fore mentioned, about 22 feet in diameter
and 2 feet high. The section (fig. 76)
shows the composition of the structure,
which seems to have been little more than a
midden, although it is possible that it may
have been constructed as the foundation of
some small building. The layers certainly
AND MONOGRAPHS
288
CUBA
looked midden-like, however, and the prob-
abilities are that they represent refuse
dumped at different times in a pile that, on
account of its position in a clearing, or its
proximity to a dwelling, was more conven-
Scale of Feet
Fig. 76. — Section of mound, Big Wall Site, San Lucas,
Maisi. (a, Dark earth; b, Darker earth; c, Yellowish clay;
d, White ashes; e, Black earth; r, Gray ashes, flint imple-
ment; G, Loose, coarse gravel; h, Rocks and red clay.)
ient than the hillside. The usual midden
objects occurred, among them an unusually
good flint knife of the rude pattern prevalent
here.
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
289
The two other small mounds near the
ends of the wall were not excavated at the
commencement of our work, because of un-
favorable tests, but we had planned to ex-
plore them before we left; this was not done,
however, the advent of the seasonal rains
cutting short the work.
Burials. — The first skeleton found here
lay in the hillside refuse deposit at the
western edge of the site, not far from the
beginning of Trench 1. Apparently an
adult, it was buried in a flexed position on
the left side, heading east, with the left
arm bent and the right lying loosely across
the abdomen, as may be seen in the photo-
graph (pi. lxv). The body had apparently
been forced in between rocks which had
effectually prevented the digging of a larger
grave. The bones were in fair condition,
except the skull, which had been badly
eaten by ants, but enough was left to show
plainly that this had been artificially flat-
tened— the first evidence linking the arti-
ficially deformed skulls of the Maisi region,
of which so much has been said and written,
with the Tainan Arawak culture. Many
AND MONOGRAPHS
290
CUBA
authorities have hitherto thought these
crania to be Carib, as that people were
known to practise flattening of the skull.
The second skeleton was discovered near
the beginning of Trench 3, at a depth of 22
inches, lying partly on the right side, with
knees drawn up and heading northeast; the
right hand lay upon the abdomen, the left
under the chin. Although evidently a
man of mature years, the bones were appar-
ently not strong enough to withstand decay
and the attacks of the ants, whose holes
penetrated the soil in every direction at this
point. The skull, although in very poor
condition, had apparently also been flat-
tened like that of the first.
Burial 3, of an aged man, found by native
diggers but uncovered by us, lay on the
gentle slope in the southwest portion of the
site, flexed on the right side, heading south
and facing east, with the left hand on the
right elbow, right hand on the pelvis (as
seen in pi. lxvi), at a depth of only 8
inches. This skull also showed the typical
flattening.
On the same slope, but higher up and far-
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALLSITE
291
ther north, as may be seen in the map,
Burial 4 was similarly found by native
diggers — the remains of a young man, with
skull flattened like the rest, lying on the
left side, heading north and facing east,
with knees drawn up at right angles, the
arms bent. The bones, including the skull,
were much decayed; the latter lay only 11
inches beneath the surface.
Burial 5, of a flat-head, aged adult, in-
troduced a variation in position, the skeleton
being placed on the back, heading east-
northeast, with the legs bent up tightly to
the body and crossed, and the skull turned
slightly toward the south. The left arm
was flexed, the right lower arm and right
foot were missing, probably struck, broken,
and thrown away by the native searcher
before he realized what he had found. The
skull lay at a depth of 16 inches.
As for Burials 6 and 7, they were found
during the writer's absence, and full notes
were not taken. Of No. 6 we know only
that it lay at a depth of 4 feet 7 inches,
and was flexed on the right side, heading
east; of No. 7 we know only that it headed
AND MONOGRAPHS
292
CUBA
east, but lay on the left side. No regular
burials of children were found. No mor-
tuary offerings were found with any of the
burials here, but the skeletons were buried
on a Taino site, both graves and surround-
ing soil containing casual Taino artifacts,
hence there is little doubt that the skeletons
themselves are Taino.
Artifacts. Pottery. — The commonest
artifacts found on this site were fragments of
pottery, of which a wagonload could have
been gathered. We discarded most of them,
however, retaining only such as showed
decoration or could be fitted together. By
examining the potsherds carefully we were
enabled to pick out all or most of the frag-
ments of a number of vessels, so that they
could be restored, and in some cases, found
bowls and plates entire, or but slightly
damaged, imbedded in the refuse (pi.
lxvii). Many vessel handles in the form
of grotesque heads (figs. 77—79) came to
light.
The character of the pottery was about
the same in the different layers of the de-
posit, and the decorations similar until the
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
293
lowest levels of the deepest portion were
reached, just below the brow of the hill,
refuse which must have been the first laid
Fig. 77. — Potsherd with grotesque head (Taino), from
Big Wall Site, San Lucas, Maisi. (Width of head, 1.2 in.)
Fig. 78. — Potsherd with grotesque figure (Taino), from
Big Wall Site, San Lucas, Maisi. (Length, 5.2 in.)
down on the site. Here were found sherds
which, although similar to the rest, were
decidedly crude and archaic in decoration.
AND MONOGRAPHS
294
CUBA
Quite general in distribution throughout
the refuse deposit were occasional fragments
of hard white ware which were at first mis-
taken for pieces of European crockery, but
closer examination of the workmanship and
of the forms and decorations showed their
aboriginal character. It was later found
that such ware is not uncommon in Haiti.
Fig. 79. — Potsherd with animal head (Taino), from
Big Wall Site, San Lucas, Maisi. (Length, 2.6 in.)
Stone Articles. — Next among the artifacts
in point of quantity were the hammerstones
and grinding-stones used in working stone
and shell; next to these, fragments of celts,
mostly of petaloid form, in all stages of
manufacture, and miscellaneous stone ob-
jects, such as flakes and rude implements of
flint, beads of various sizes and types, and
INDIAN NOTES
BIG WALL SITE
295
Fig. 80. — "Swallow-sticks" of bone (Taino): a from El
Lindero site; b from Big Wall Site, Maisi. (Length of
upper part of a, 4,1 in.)
AND MONOGRAPHS
296
CUBA
roughly made little fetishes representing
men and animals.
Shell and Bone Work. — After these came
articles made of shell, including pendants,
jinglers, beads, pieces carved to represent
eyes and teeth as inlays for wooden effigies
(like fig. 45), a few bone arrow- or spear-
points, all unfortunately broken, together
with some fragments of bone spoons and
spoon-like "swallow-sticks" (to be explained
later), one of the latter carved with a con-
ventional head (fig. 80, b).
Caches. — A little pile of nine perforated
jinglers (like fig. 68), made from Oliva
shells, was found at the bottom of Trench 5,
near its western end; this may have been
a true cache — a deposit purposely hidden —
or may merely have marked the spot where
a garter decorated with these shells, so
hung as to rattle with every step, had been
lost or thrown away. Knee-rattles made
of these shells, perforated in the same way,
are still in use among Indians, being found
among some tribes as distant as the Pueblo
peoples of southwestern United States.
INDIAN NOTES
^ .2
O <u
DC -5
__. o
O &
2 -s
BIG WALL SITE
297
A phenomenon more like a veritable
cache, however, was encountered also on
the bottom of the deposit, at a depth of 2
feet, where appeared a deposit of unfinished
celts and celt-making tools, such as hammer-
stones and rubbing stones, to the number of
thirteen, all of which throw light on the
making of the excellent petaloid celts so
characteristic of the Tainan tribes.
Animal Remains. — Among the more in-
teresting of the animal remains found scat-
tered throughout the refuse deposits, and
which included the shells of edible molluscs
from the great conch Strombus gigas down,
the bones of various fishes, and of turtles
and jutias, were those of the now rare almi-
qui, or Solenodon; of cetaceans, small and
large, including probably one species of
whale, and the remains of veritable dogs
encountered at such depths, and so covered
with unbroken layers that there can now be
no doubt that the perro mudo, or "dumb
dog," which never barked, found in pos-
session of the Indians by early explorers,
was not, as some writers have thought, a
species of raccoon, but a true dog.
AND MONOGRAPHS
298
CUBA
Fig. 81. -Spear-
head of iron
found near sur-
face, Big Wall
Site, San Lucas,
Maisi. (Length,
8.3 in.)
Date of Occupancy. — The
unusual depth of the refuse
deposits, and the archaic
character of some of the pot-
tery found here, seem to give
the first settlement of this vil-
lage an earlier date than any
other site of the Tainan cul-
ture visited by the expedition;
in fact, it may well have been
one of the first occupied by
this people on their arrival in
Cuba. That it was in use up
to the coming of the whites is
suggested by the finding of an
iron spearhead (fig. 81) near
the surface, but, because this
was the only article of Euro-
pean origin found, it seems
likely that the village was
abandoned soon after that fatal
date. It should be remem-
bered in this connection that
most of the Indians were exter-
minated or enslaved within a
few years after the discovery.
INDIAN NOTES
CHAPTER XII
El Lindero, Laguna Limones, Maisi, and
Lesser Sites
WHILE we were working at the Big
Wall site, the natives were scour-
ing the country round about for
specimens to sell us. Among the
many sites they located were two of especial
interest — El Lindero and Laguna Limones.
These they excavated, and also partially
dug a village-site near the lighthouse at
Cape Maisi; others at the Finca Caridad
and Finca Sitges, near Casimba, in the Gran
Tierra de Maya; still another at Cuesta de
Palos, and finally the well-known Pueblo
Viejo, all representing the Tainan culture,
together with a cave at El Baga, represent-
ing in the main the Ciboney people. The
grotesque head shown in fig. 82 came from
the Finca Sitges site, as did the typical
rubbing stone for celt-making (fig. 83).
299
AND MONOGRAPHS
300
CUBA
Fig. 82. — Grotesque head of pottery (Taino), from site
at Finca Sitges, near Maisi. (Height, 2 in.)
Fig. 83. — Rubbing-stone for making celts, etc. (Taino),
from Finca Sitges, near Maisi. (Diam., 2.1 in.)
INDIAN NOTES
EL LINDERO
301
The bead seen in fig. 84 came from Pueblo
Viejo.
El Baga (No. 21 on the map of the dis-
trict) we had no opportunity of visiting,
nor was I even able to locate on my map
the one called Cuesta de Palos. We some-
times found ourselves passing the earth
walls of Pueblo Viejo (No. 22) without ever
having time to make an ex-
amination or a survey; while
the sites at Casimba in Gran
Tierra — one at Finca Sitges
(No. 16), the other at Finca
Caridad (No. 17)— were dis- 0f Sone, onSe
covered and partly explored §££ (puTbio
by Mr de Booy during his ggg^g
reconnoissance, as related in
Chapter VIII, the work at the latter place
being continued by the natives during our
stay.
During our visit in 1919 natives brought
us typical Tainan specimens from two
hitherto unreported village-sites, one on
La Papaya mesa above La Patana, the
other on the Mesa Limonal near Los Llanos;
but the writer was unable to visit them, and
AND MONOGRAPHS
302
CUBA
so cannot locate them on our map of the
district.
EL LINDERO SITE
The site called by the natives El Lindero,
"The Boundary," because of its location on
the boundary-line between the Hacienda
Maisi and the Gran Tierra de Maya, is situ-
ated about an eighth of a mile south of the
Rio Maya canon, on the first mesa below
the great tableland of Gran Tierra (the
mesa of La Papaya), and about the same
distance east of the foot of the cliff (No. 23
on the map). It consists of two oval hil-
locks, or ridges, standing on rocky but
nearly level ground, each of which measures
roughly 250 ft. east and west by 100 ft.
north and south, and 5 to 6 ft. high — one
being about 150 ft. west of the other. They
can hardly be called middens, because
they are for the greater part natural forma-
tions of rock and clay, but there was a
deposit of village-refuse, 4 to 5 ft. deep, on
the western end of the easternmost hillock,
and another, 3 to 4 ft. deep, along the
northerly edge of the westernmost, but so
INDIAN NOTES
EL LINDERO
303
torn to pieces by the native relic-diggers
that their structure could not be ascer-
tained. Apparently the bohios, or caneys,
of the Indians' had stood upon these hillocks,
the refuse from which was thrown out as
stated. The site was particularly rich in
pottery, a number of whole or restorable
vessels being recovered y^T^Tx
by the natives (pi. lxviii) . |& : | ||B|i
The collection as a whole ipi' SifiSp
was typical of the Taino * "5?
culture, but it did not y^^^PlSL
show the archaic forms, M fw^^^k
a few of which were en- |p* jJSl
countered at considerable % - } '%.jjjSBr
depth at Big Wall. Like \ 5 ifijF
the latter site, its last ^S^fl?
OCCUpanCy Was brought Fig. 85.— Fetish of
, . i i ,1 • stone (Taino), from site
Up tO Colonial days, this at El Lindero, Maisi.
time by the finding of a (Length' L9 in)
small piece of sheet-copper, probably of
Spanish origin, in the top of the Indian de-
posit, about eight inches from the surface.
Among the more interesting articles found
here were the little stone fetish shown in
AND MONOGRAPHS
304
CUBA
fig. 85 ; fragments of a shell pendant, shown
restored in fig. 86, and the "swallow-stick"
seen in fig. 80, a.
Fig. 86. — Pendant of shell (Taino), restored from frag-
ments, from site at El Lindero, Maisi. (Diam. about 3 in.)
LAGUNA LIMONES SITE
The Laguna Limones site is situated on
the first mesa above the Maisi coastal
plain, on the trail which traverses the bank
of Rio Maya from Gran Tierra to Maisi,
about a mile and a quarter south of the
canon at point No. 24 on the map. It
takes its name from a small pond or water-
hole (pi. lxix) which, although about 75 ft.
in diameter, is never dry at any season; and
INDIAN NOTES
IINGTON — CUBA,
&
J5 O
«?
5 ' •••;-,'.. -«
S. x:---:--.%.
^\iilfoi)/);
&"1
MIDDENS
• f/
O
,«IH«M\IWIhfni;;\>lllM>«fin»..,,„ll,,,vV»<"',ll|'/-,,i/l,,il,,,i,,^t()i,,|lii,H,li,|,||,,1«|||IJ,|||
42a. Feet- %.rt> „
'iim»wv'nm>imiiv'''inn"iirt\v''ii«'l',»iiiii'v/mv,,|„,viiMiw^,,!u^iii«.iji«.«'Muih.Mii'-'''i %r~ Q
e> o °«° „ « * ®j to
5S e ®**®«s ° «
co °
<3?
WOO DE D PASTURE
65
%f . °&CARTHWORK0\v^ 11°^
^«L\\W'WV,l,l'i»(ii^ll'",,,l,,Mm^,M,'to «hii«iKmiip.miii(,*»ii^ 5
/"> C <vfr* \ \\ 502 Feet #
qj>? <» ^"iM»Wni\\\{"i»|«l"/|||\*,,ililvi||(i|i'7ll||i''iiii'i,vi|i»"'iiin.-'ii Mi nil\\i' nmr> ' ■ 'n^'iiliiiiinnvi^
ce-
a o
PLAN OF EARTHWORK AND MIDDENS. LAGUNA LIMONES, MAISI
LAGUNA LIMONES
305
this water doubtless attracted the Indians,
who no doubt were also favorably im-
pressed by the level land with very few
stones. The timber grows quite tall here,
but is not luxuriant as on the higher mesas
where rainfall is more abundant.
Earthwork — This site is particularly not-
able for its roughly rectangular earthwork,
an enclosure whose embankment, although
rarely more than 2 or 3 ft. high and 14 ft.
wide, can still be traced plainly in all its
parts, and whose age is suggested by large
trees growing upon its crest, such as the
mahogany (cayoban) shown in pi. lxx.
This structure measures 502 ft. long and
approximately 260 ft. wide, the longest axis
N.N.W. and S.S.E., and the entrance at
the southeastern corner, as may be seen by
the plan (pi lxxi). The wall is usually
higher on the outside than on the inside,
showing that the earth for its erection came
largely from without. It was probably a
ceremonial dance-ground and ball-court, like
those of Haiti and Porto Rico.
Village-site. — Test-holes within the en-
closure revealed a small quantity of village
-
AND MONOGRAPHS
Fig. 87. — Amulet of shell (Taino) in form of a mask,
from Laguna Limones site, Maisi. (Height, 1.3 in.)
Fig. 88.— Amulet of shell
(Taino) in form of a bird,
from Laguna Limones site
Maisi. (Height 1.2 in.)
Fig. 89. — Bead of stone
(Taino), plain* type, from
Laguna Limones site, Maisi.
(Diam., 0.6 in.)
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUI
SMALL CAVE, NEAR MOUTH OF YUMURI RIVER, BARACOA
LAG UN A LIMONES
307
refuse, such as potsherds, shells, etc., but
the artifacts found here came from a series
of six middens south of and outside the wall,
arranged as shown in the map. These
middens varied in size from 25 ft. (the small-
est) to 80 by 45 ft. in diameter. In height
they were from 2 to 4 ft., but it was evident
that the highest ones had ~__ — -=533=*
a core ot natural materials y - - -'-" aj: if
and had not been built \ \ '■ -vw
entirely of refuse. Iv-r^ ^^f
Specimens. — The pottery |- •; % ■. '. ' ■ J
found (pi. xli, b), in fact pi "r ' • A
all the specimens, were /••; ]:.;//'' vi
characteristic of the Tainan //\\. 1^
culture, without any of the ^^^K_%
archaic types; but the best FlG 90-_ Rasp of
and finest things were of gom ^eLfgtnl'
Shell, the working of which Limones site, Maisi.
' , ! , . (Length, 1.7 in.)
seemed to have reached its
height at this site. Among these objects
were a small shell mask, a shell bird, both
beautifully carved, and probably used as
pendants (figs. 87, 88), and a number of
other fine specimens of this class of work.
Among the beads found here was the typi-
AND MONOGRAPHS
308
CUBA
cal example in stone shown in fig. 89. Sand-
stone rasps like that shown in fig. 90, prob-
ably used in shellworking, were abundant.
MAISI SITE
This leaves only the site at Maisi (No. 25)
to be described. Situated on the coastal
area, it extends from a point about an
eighth of a mile from the lighthouse north-
eastward to the Rio Maya, over a barren
area, scattered with cactus and desert
bushes, the portion showing occupancy cov-
ering perhaps two acres. By this is meant
the part where a little search will bring to
light potsherds or other Indian traces. No
middens were found, but in addition to what
was' picked up on the surface, the natives
found some spots where a foot or two of
refuse yielded relics of interest.
Cultures Represented. — The culture was
mainly Taino in style, but enough of Cibo-
ney culture material was found to indicate
that the site had been used by both peoples.
INDIAN NOTES
M A I S I
309
YUMURI CAVE
Before leaving the Baracoa district, two
days were spent in a small cave (No. 26
on the map) about a mile south of the
mouth of the Yumuri canon, alongside
the trail from Sabana to Mata, as shown in
pi. lxxii. Here we found in a layer, never
exceeding 18 in. deep, generally less, the
usual flint chips and shells, bones of jutia,
fish, and turtle, together with a few plain
sherds, hammerstones, and a shell gouge or
two — a typical series (excepting the sherds)
of the Ciboney culture. No skeletons were
found, but a few loose human bones cov-
ered with red pigment were unearthed.
The cave mouth was about 18 ft. high
and 25 ft. wide. The chamber extended
back about 40 ft.
SITE NEAR IMIAS
While this work was in progress, Dr
Rodriguez and Juan Guach made a recon-
noissance of the Imias district back of Cajo-
babo, some 12 miles west of Jauco, and
reported a promising village-site, with an
AND MONOGRAPHS
310
CUBA
earth wall, at Veguita, on the river Jo jo, six
miles above its mouth. After very little
digging here they were able to obtain a
lot of decorated pottery (fig. 31), including
one almost perfect vessel, and some other
objects, all indicative of the Tainan culture;
but we were unable, for lack of time, to
undertake the excavation of the site.
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA,
PL. LXXIV
SOUTH ENTRANCE, CUEVA DEL MUERTO, SIBONEY, NEAR
SANTIAGO
CHAPTER XIII
Explorations near Santiago
RETURNING to Santiago from
Baracoa, the writer interviewed
§|g3 officials of the Juragua Iron Com-
pany, owners of the Cueva del
Muerto at Siboney, the first cave he ever
visited in Cuba, and was kindly granted full
permission to conduct excavations on its
property.
Siboney, a village noted historically as
one of the landing places of the American
troops active in the capture of Santiago in
1898, lies at the mouth of a little river
about 15 miles southeast of the city, on the
coast, and may be reached conveniently
only by the private railroad belonging to the
Iron Company.
CUEVA DEL MUERTO
How Named. — The cave in question is the
largest of several in the low limestone cliff
311
AND MONOGRAPHS
312
CUBA
immediately back of the machine-shops and
village (pi. lxxih), and within two or three
hundred yards of the sea; it received its
name, Cueva del Muerto, "Cave of the
Dead Man," from the rinding, during the
Spanish War, of the corpse of a Cuban
within its shelter. When removed for
burial, the remains were in such condition
that several finger-bones were left behind,
easily distinguishable from the bones dat-
ing back to Indian days by their fresh and
greasy appearance.
General Features. — The cave itself is an
irregular chamber about 20 ft. high at the
highest point, 72 ft. long from east to west,
and about 50 ft. from north to south. The
main entrance, 5 ft. high and 17^ ft. wide,
is at the south (pi. lxxiv); inside of this
was a stretch of open floor, extending toward
the north, to the west of which lay a mass
of stalagmites and fallen rock; while to the
east a veritable talus of rocks led up to the
eastern entrance which, 16 ft. wide and 12
ft. high, opened on a level ten feet higher
than the southern one. Northwest of the
center of the cave there is an opening in the
INDIAN NOTES
NEAR SANTIAGO
313
roof which would serve very satisfactorily
as a smoke-hole. Perhaps the unfortunate
Cuban, the finding of whose body gave the
cave its name, walked into this hole at
night and so fell to his death; at least,
the finger-bones were found in the crevices
of the rocks beneath it.
Excavation. — We commenced our digging
just outside the southern entrance, where
tests had shown the first evidences of habi-
tation, and worked inward down to the
compact stony red hardpan, sifting the dirt
as we went (pi. lxxv). We found the bot-
tom very irregular, but the layer averaged
12 to 14 in. deep, and was rarely more than
18 in.; but in one place, among loose rocks,
Indian traces extended down to 36J in. A
plan of the cave is shown in pi. lxxvi.
On the east side of the southern entrance
was a mass of red-burned earth, 13 in. deep,
evidently a fireplace.
Specimens. — Flint chips were very numer-
ous, many of them showing plainly the bulb
of percussion, and quite a number the
marks of use as knives. Some have been
rudely chipped for use as scrapers, and one
AND MONOGRAPHS
314
CUBA
characteristic shaft scraper with a concave
edge came to light. Hammerstones of
varying size,, some pitted, were abundant.
Several characteristic mortars were found,
also two long, rough stones, much worn at
one end from use as pestles, and a carefully
pecked cylindrical pestle of white quartz.
Several hematite paint-stones, showing
grinding, a small oval stone
A^]jj%0$k pendant, perforated near one
/ f2wP^ en(^ (^=>* ^ anc^ resemDnng
J^fSytffl tne hematite pendant found
\ ^Ss&Bf at ^e tnne °f tne writer's
\^^^^^ first visit, together with a
Fig. 91. -Pendant nicely made disc of stone, 1.1
of stone (Ciboney), ^ in diameter, complete the
from cave at bibo- ; ^
ney, near Santiago, list of Stone Specimens.
(Length, 1.2 in.) ^
Pottery was very scarce,
only a few small, crude sherds being found,
with the exception of a rim fragment resemb-
ling the sub-Tainan ware of Jamaica more
than that found in the Tainan culture sites
of eastern Cuba. None were decorated.
Shell was represented by the remains of
several species whose flesh was used as
food, together with a few shell gouges and
INDIAN NOTES
DO
NEAR SANTIAGO
315
the remains of a shell celt, all much
decomposed.
Among the bones found were, first of all,
the top and part of the face of an artificially
flattened skull, separated from any other
bones; it lay beneath a large, round, flat
stone, weighing more than a hundred
pounds, itself five inches from the surface —
the first and only flattened skull found by
us directly associated with products of the
Ciboney culture. Very few human bones of
ancient origin, these small and fragmentary,
were found elsewhere about the cave, but
the usual jutia and fish bones, together with
remains of the extinct ground sloth (Mega-
locnus), were found. The only artifacts in
bone were part of an awl and a bead made
from a small hollow bone, the first of its
style found in Cuba by our expedition. All
the bone specimens from the cave, with the
exception of the smaller human bones and
the awl fragment, have, unfortunately,
been lost.
Cultures Represented. — Although a flat-
tened skull and some potsherds, both
AND MONOGRAPHS -
316
CUBA
probably Taino, were found, most of the
material was clearly Ciboney.
OTHER CAVES
An examination of the other caves and
rock-shelters in the vicinity revealed the
merest traces of occupancy, save one, sev-
eral miles westward, called the Cueva de
la Virgen, the "Virgin" being a rude face
carved by the Indians on a stalagmite.
Some one had evidently tried to remove it
in recent times, but had succeeded only in
ruining the carving beyond repair, so that
traces only were left. It is interesting to
note here that back of the "Virgin" a tor-
tuous passage leads to a large chamber
with innumerable bats clinging to its roof
or swirling about, and with many cock-
roaches below, a condition similar to that
found in the Cueva Zemi at La Patana,
previously noted.
EL COBRE
The other specimens in the collections
from the vicinity of Santiago, consisting
mainly of celts and pestles (pi. lxxvii-
INDIAN NOTES
2: .S
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NEAR SANTIAGO
317
lxxix), with one clay stamp and part of
the handle of a pottery vessel (pi. lxxx, b,
c), were collected for us mainly in the re-
gion of El Cobre by Sr Manuel Tamayo, at
that time a resident of the city.
ASSEREDEROS SITE
Another spot near Santiago which has
yielded a number of specimens, is Assere-
deros, a small village on the coast, about 28
miles west of Santiago, where considerable
pottery and other objects have been found
by the natives in caves while excavating for
guano, and here Mr de Booy found a boat-
shaped vessel (pi. lxxxi. b), two broken
bowls (pi. lxxxi, a; lxxxii, b), together
with some potsherds and a pottery-polishing
stone, all now in this Museum.
REGION OF MAYARI
Sr Tamayo, who had collected the mis-
cellaneous material for us about Santiago,
afterward moved to Mayari, situated on the
north coast of the island near the southeast
shore of Nipe bay and some 90 miles west
AND MONOGRAPHS
318
CUBA
of Baracoa, and from there reported many
indications of ancient habitation, sending
Fig. 92.— Celt (Taino) from Mayari, collected by
Manuel Tamayo. (Length, 7.2 in.)
us a large earthen vessel (pi. lxxxii, a)
and a celt (fig. 92) , itself one of the largest
petaloids we have from Cuba, in support
INDIAN NOTES
< b -
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NEAR SANTIAGO
319
of his statement. Dr Carlos de la Torre
also advised us to work in this district, but
the time allotted for our exploration was
nearly past and the writer reluctantly gave
up the hope of examining Mayari.
-
AND Mp NO GRAPHS
320
CHAPTER XIV
First Work in Pinar del Rio
OUR first excursion into the western
end of Cuba, which has usually
been supposed to be barren of re-
mains of prehistoric man, took
place in December, 1915, just before the first
expedition was brought to a close. Pro-
vided with letters of introduction furnished
by our very kindly and helpful friend, Dr
Garlos de la Torre, and accompanied by Mr
Andrew de Graux, of Habana, who knew
the country, we proceeded by train as far
as the city of Pinar del Rio, where we en-
gaged an automobile to take us across the
hills into the Luis Lazo valley, where Dr
de la Torre had reported caves, and where
we expected to make our headquarters at a
little settlement known as San Carlos.
INDIAN NOTES
PINAR DEL RIO
321
LUIS LAZO VALLEY
Here we found a country of rather low
but very abrupt and rugged mountains of
limestone (pi. lxxxiii), sometimes rising as
solitary peaks, called mogotes (pi. lxxxiv),
full of caves, but apparently of an older
formation than the limestones of eastern
Cuba. Among these mountains are the ex-
ceedingly fertile and highly cultivated val-
leys where the world-famous Habana to-
bacco is raised, and here were found, instead
of the perilous mule-trails so characteristic
of the wilds of Cape Maisi, good automobile
roads on which one is rarely out of sight of
a house, each with its picturesque thatched
tobacco-barn near by.
These pleasant open valleys along the
streams are not the only ones, however, for
back in the rugged plateaus of the moun-
tains the traveler sometimes comes upon a
great pit, often a number of acres in extent,
in whose almost perpendicular sides no out-
let can be found, but whose level bottoms
consist of the same rich soil that produces
ideal tobacco. When sufficiently near to
AND MONOGRAPHS
322
CUBA
civilization, so that the tobacco may be
carried out on the backs of its producers,
the land in these pits, or hoyos, as they are
called, is worked; when too far away, they
are left to the luxuriant tropical forest.
ROCK-SHELTER IN THE HOYO VALTESO
The first archeological site examined in
Pinar del Rio lay in just such a place — the
Hoyo Valteso, which is the third hoyo en-
countered going eastward over the moun-
tains from San Carlos. Its floor is quite
flat, and contains some eight or ten acres,
which, although fallow now, has evidently
been cultivated in the past, for there is
little timber to be seen.
On the northeast side is a great mass of
rocks fallen from the wall, above which, in
a place quite difficult of access, and after a
climb of at least fifty feet, we discovered a
small rock-shelter some 10 ft. high and 15
ft. across, with a depth of perhaps 25 ft.,
tapering back to a point.
Specimens. — On the floor lay many bones
of the jutia and of domestic animals, such
as the pig and the goat, together with de-
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA. I
PL. LXXXIV
A "MOGOTE," OR SOLITARY PEAK, IN PINAR DEL RIO
PINAR DEL RIO
323
cayed bits of wood and palm-leaves. Amid
this litter were found numerous fragments of
two pottery vessels differing somewhat from
the caznela type, crudely made and poorly
fired, crumbling to pieces even in that pro-
tected spot.
One of these, a sherd of which is seen in
pi. lxxxv, c, seems to have been of flattened
•
CT7 Z^ss?
a b
Fig. 93. — Restoration of pottery vessels found in a
-rock-shelter in the Hoyo Valteso, near San Carlos, Pinar
del Rio. Diameter of a, about 9 in.
semiglobular form, like the restoration in
fig. 93, a; the other, a fragment of which is
illustrated in pi. lxxxv, d, had a sharply
out-turned rim, and must have looked some-
what like the vessel shown in fig. 93, b. In
color the first is ruddy yellow, the second
originally even redder, but now is much
blackened by smoke. In both cases the
tempering material is fine gravel, the ware
AND MONOGRAPHS
324
CUBA
•
rather coarse and thick, ranging from less
than a quarter of an inch in thickness near
the rim to more than half an inch at the
bottom. Judging from the curvature of
the fragments, both vessels must have been
eight or nine inches in diameter, the height
between four and six inches. Plain marks
of the polishing stone are visible on the
second vessel, both inside and outside.
Some sherds of the rim appear as if this
had been provided with broad, band-like
handles.
Interpretation. — A study of the conditions
leads to the conclusion that the place was
one of the temporary refuges occupied in
historic times, say within the last hundred
years, by the persecuted remnant of the
primitive Indians of this region, the last
survivors of whom were ruthlessly slaugh-
tered by the whites about the middle of the
19th century.
OTHER CAVES
Returning then to San Carlos we exam-
ined a number of caves in that vicinity
whose outer appearance seemed promising,
INDIAN NOTES
O „
DC -C
PINAR DEL RIO
325
but found to our disgust that the deposits
had been dug out of all of them down to
bedrock to make fertilizer for the tobacco
fields. Sometimes when a few square
inches of the original soil of the cave bottom
had been accidently left adhering to the
rock, it contained a few bits of human bone,
or perhaps a flint chip or two, one of which,
the first stone specimen of undeniable abo-
riginal workmanship found by us in Pinar
del Rio, is illustrated in pi. lxxxv, a, and
these showed that the caverns must have
at one time contained specimens of interest.
CAVE AT EL PESCUERO
Leaving San Carlos, we proceeded to a
place called El Pescuero, on the west side of
Cuyaguateje river, finding here, on a spur
of the mountain, about 40 ft. above the
valley, a cavern known as "Cueva de los
Indios." The cave mouth, which opens
south, is about 18 ft. across, with a height
of some 12 ft., and the opening runs back
perhaps 45 ft. clear, being partly blocked at
that point by some great stalactites. Pass-
ing around these we discovered that the
AND MONOGRAPHS
326
CUBA
floor began to dip downward, and continues
down and back to an unknown distance.
We penetrated 300 or 400 ft. only, as no
signs of occupancy were visible.
Wooden Specimens. — Most of the floor of
the part near the mouth is a breccia, too
hard to dig with the tools at our disposal at
that time, but in some patches of soft soil,
especially along the western side, masses of
decayed human bones and teeth were en-
countered, mainly near the surface, many
of which seem to have been painted red.
Among these, at a depth of perhaps 8 in.,
lay the first aboriginal wooden objects found
by us in this province — three worked sticks,
of which one shows plainly the use of a
grit-stone in rasping off the end and edges
of a wooden splinter, and the filing of a
groove about one end with some kind of a
stone having a fairly thin but dull edge,
evidently not a flint; another is apparently
the tip of an arrow, but is now much
decayed; while the third, judging by its
straightness, was probably part of a similar
arrow, but disintegration has left us little
by which to identify it.
INDIAN NOTES
OO
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COO
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23
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PINAR DEL RIO
327
CAVES AT PORTALES
The"Santico." — Proceeding thence south-
ward by stage toward Guane, we were in-
formed of an image resembling a human
head in a cave near Portales, a phenomenon
known as the Santico de la Cueva ("Little
Saint of the Cave") to the natives, and
worshipped by them as a miraculous figure
of the infant Jesus. Stopping off to view
the image, we found the cave one of dozens
honeycombing a very picturesque mass of
rocks, to be described later, lying between
the public road and Portales river, and the
famous "Santico" a natural stalagmite for-
mation, but none the less interesting for
that. The faith of the people in it was
testified by the hundreds of offerings that
filled one chamber of the grotto, among
which were bridal veils hung in the shrine
by girls who had married the men of their
choice, for whose favor they had prayed be-
fore this image. A man having a lame leg
might pray here for recovery, and if he re-
covered would hang a little silver effigy of a
leg in the cave; if a farmer prayed for a good
AND MONOGRAPHS
328
CUBA
crop and received it, his offering was a tiny
tobacco plant of silver. Such instances are
representative, but the different kinds of
offerings were too numerous to mention.
Rock-shelter. — In another part of the rock
mass we then located a rock-shelter that con-
tained not only a mortar hole pecked into
the bedrock, but also a considerable deposit
of ashes, shells, jutia bones, and crab-claws,
among which a small test-hole yielded a
slightly-used hammerstone and the oval
sandstone pebble, its end worn by grinding,
illustrated in pi. lxxxv, b, all indicating
that the place had been long inhabited. At
this juncture the writer was obliged to
leave to embark for New York, but not
before making a resolve to return some day
to make further investigation.
INDIAN NOTES
CHAPTER XV
Caves near Portales de Guane
THE opportunity to resume the work
did not come until April, 1919,
when the writer returned to Cuba
in search of further data relating
to Pinar del Rio province and concerning
the surviving Indians of Cuba. After some
preliminary researches he returned to
Guane, in company with Dr Victor Rodri-
guez of Habana University, whose pleasant
companionship had meant so much during
the work in Baracoa. On our arrival we
went at once to Portales and commenced
work on the rock-shelter mentioned above,
discovered in 1915.
the portales district
As before stated, it is one of many caves
and shelters situated in a weird and pic-
turesque mass of rocks between the public
329
AND MONOGRAPHS
330
CUBA
road and Portales river, a miniature moun-
tain range, interspersed with fields and
meadows, beginning perhaps a mile south of
Portales postoffice and extending south-
ward some three-quarters of a mile, forming
a veritable natural park (pi. lxxxvi).
The ledges are perhaps only 75 ft. at the
highest, and the width of the main range
averages from 100 to 300 ft. from east to
west. The rocks are limestone, the strata
of which have been somewhat contorted and
now through erosion present a picturesque
and remarkable spectacle (pi. lxxxvh), for
they are filled with holes, caves, natural
bridges, crags, and pinnacles of every de-
scription, in which stand or hang jagiley
trees, "century" plants, air-plants of many
kinds, cacti, short stout palms and tall
thin ones, vines, and many curious plants,
too numerous to mention. About a quarter
of a mile to the east and parallel with this
range runs the Portales river, a narrow but
deep stream, with several picturesque water-
falls and rapids (pi. lxxxviii) , southward to
join the Cuyaguateje. Just beyond it is a
rough mountain along whose base the river
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA,
PL. LXXXVII
PALMS, CRAGS, AND CAVE MOUTHS, NEAR PORTALES DE
GUANE, PINAR DEL RIO
PORTALES DISTRICT
331
flows — the Sierra de la Cueva Oscura, seen
in the background of pi. lxxxvi. Between
the river and the natural park of rocks and
caves are open meadows, and a few culti-
vated fields, interspersed with smaller
masses of limestone; while to the south lies a
stretch of veritable "bad lands," a devilish
maze of rocky crags, dientes de perro, or
" dog-tooth" rocks, sharp and jagged,
thorny bushes and the poison tree guao.
Near the north end of the rock park, where a
lane crosses it, lies the Cueva del Santico,
"Cave of the Little Saint," before men-
tioned, and about a quarter of a mile south-
southeastward from this, the rock-shelter,
both facing eastward.
PORTALES ROCK-SHELTER
The rock-shelter opens on a little meadow
sloping away toward the river, and is one of
the most open and airy natural camps the
writer ever saw, still affording protection
from the elements (pi. lxxxix). It meas-
ures 48 ft. long from north to south, and the
rock overhangs 19 ft. maximum, from west
to east.
AND MONOGRAPHS
332
CUBA
The Deposit. — The Indian deposit is
deepest to the north and northeast near the
shelter line, reaching a depth of 2 ft. 7 in.
to 2 ft. 10 in., but becomes shallower toward
the south, averaging less than 2 ft., ending
just south of the mortar shown in the plan
1 1 1
iiiiilW'ij'J'M A0/i0
Fig. 94.— Plan of the Portales rock-shelter.
(fig. 94), pecked into the living rock, and
the alcove contained nothing. This deposit
consisted of blackened earth; charcoal;
ashes; shells mainly of a large land-snail
but with some river clams and one sea-shell;
hundreds of claws of at least two kinds of
INDIAN NOTES
PORTALES DISTRICT
333
crabs, many of them burnt; bones of the
jutia, mostly broken for the marrow, in
large quantities, and in lesser quantities the
bones of snakes, fish, turtles, the extinct
ground sloth {Megalocnus sp.), and an ex-
tinct rodent (Baromys sp.), a few human
bones mostly from the hand, and some large
bones so badly decayed as to be past
identification.
///
Fig. 95. — Section of the deposit in the Portales rock-
shelter.
Artifacts. — Artifacts were very scarce, and
consisted of rude hammerstones showing
use, a shallow mortar, flint chips, rudely
AND MONOGRAPHS
334
CUBA
pointed bits of limestone, some very rude
notched sinkers, a pebble partially perfor-
ated for use as an ornament, two pieces of a
nicely made flat gorget-like stone ornament,
several river stones evidently brought in for
some purpose, and a worn red-paint stone.
The bottom consisted of a tough reddish
yellow clay mixed with rocks. A large bed
of ashes, in places 8 or 9 in. thick, lay in the
northeastern part of the shelter, a section
of which may be seen in fig. 95.
BAT CAVE
The Cueva de los Murcielagos ("Cave
of the Bats") is one of the numerous
caves belonging to the same rocky mass,
and is situated in the northeastern end of a
little hoyo, or valley without outlet, con-
taining somewhat less than an acre, cutting
into the limestone about a third of its length
from the southern end, the cave mouth
facing almost westwardly. The cavern
once occupied is the middle one of three,
all opening into the same great rock-shelter
shown in the photograph (pi. xc) and the
plan (fig. 96), and extends up and back
INDIAN NOTES
PORTALES DISTRICT
335
into a very high narrow grotto in whose
gothic depths fluttered numerous bats.
The chamber to the south, too low for
occupancy, leads back also into a good-
sized cavern, while the northern chamber
opens into a natural tunnel that passes
/
feet-
Fig. 96.— Plan of the Bat Cave.
entirely through the little mountain.
Digging at the base of the rock standing in
the middle of the chamber (pi. xci) we
found earth showing former occupancy of
the cave, nearly 5 ft. deep, the upper 18
in. only being barren of charcoal, jutia
bones, snail-shells, and the like. No real
AND MONOGRAPHS
336
CUBA
artifacts were found, however, but a river
pebble that apparently had been used lay
at the depth of 4^ ft. As we proceeded
inward, the layer north of the central rock
rapidly shallowed, but that south of it
maintained its depth and yielded many
bones of small animals and part of a sea-
shell undoubtedly brought there by the In-
dians, but still no artifacts. Finally we
ceased digging owing to lack of results.
The top of the central rock had several
small pits pecked into it as receptacles in
which to break the palm-nuts called corojo.
CUEVA DE CENIZAS
Discouraged by our results in the Bat
Cave, we began a systematic examination
of all the caves and rock-shelters in the
vicinity, and were surprised to find the very
best of them all, barely 100 ft. northwest
of the first shelter explored, very large and
high, yet so masked by trees and choked
with undergrowth that we had not suspected
its existence (pi. xcn). Our attention was
first called to it by one of the local tobacco
INDIAN NOTES
PORTALES DISTRICT
337
farmers, who told us that, in searching the
caves for bat guano to use as fertilizer, he
had here encountered a bed of dry ashes,
which he considered almost as good for his
purpose. Starting to dig he soon came upon
AND MONOGRAPHS
338
CUBA
-
human bones, which caused him to beat a
hasty retreat.
We lost no time in following this clue,
and forcing our way through the under-
growth found ourselves in the Cueva de
Cenizas, "Cave of Ashes," roughly triangu-
lar in form, as may be seen from the plan
(fig. 97), 76 ft. across the mouth, some 56
ft. deep, and, at the highest point, near the
mouth, about 35 ft. high. It is really more
of a rock-shelter than a cave proper.
Ash Deposits. — The floor was quite rocky
in spots, with little traces of habitation until
the southeastern side was reached, where we
found a heavy deposit of ashes (pi. xcni),
for the greater part loose, dry, and powdery,
becoming thicker toward the wall, full of
stones of all sizes, and in two places ex-
tending back into pockets in the rock, one
of which, as shown on the map (fig. 97), the
section (fig. 98), and the photograph (pi.
xciv, of which a shows the deposit before
excavation, b after), penetrated 10 or 12 ft.
back under the wall of the cave.
Animal Remains. — The ash deposit, which
was 3 or 4 ft. deep in places, contained quan-
INDIAN NOTES
PORTALES DISTRICT
339
tities of small animal bones, mostly of the
juiia, those of turtles and various birds,
snails of several species, shells of freshwater
clams, and some marine shells, including
fragments of conchs, together with thou-
sands of crab-claws.
*zzz^--
ROCKY YELLOW CLAY -
Fig. 98. — Section of the deposit in the Cueva de Cenizas.
Stone Objects. — Many river pebbles were
unearthed from the deposit, a number of
which showed marks of use as hammers and
grinders, of which an example may be seen
in fig. 99; a pitted hammerstone used also
AND MONOGRAPHS
340
CUBA
as a grinder; another is a much battered
hammerstone with the broad surfaces rough-
ened by pecking instead of pitted to facili-
tate grasping; there were also a roughly-
chipped piece of limestone, probably in-
tended as a chop-
ping tool, and
thin slender
grinding or whet-
stones, of which
a number were
procured.
Gouges and Ves-
sels of Shell. —
Quite unexpected
was the rinding of
two typical shell
(Length, gouges identical
with those of the
Ciboney culture of eastern Cuba (like fig.
106), and an equally characteristic perfect
shell vessel (fig. 100) made of a S trombus
gigas conch with the interior spire and
whorls pecked out to form a receptacle.
A broken specimen of this type was also
obtained.
Fig. 99. — Hammerstone (Cibo-
ney), from Cueva de Cenizas, near
Guane, Pinar del Rio
3.9 in.)
INDIAN NOTES
PORTALES DISTRICT
341
Culture Identical with Ciboney. — The
finding of these gouges and vessels impressed
the writer for the first time with the practi-
Fig. 100. — Vessel of shell (Ciboney), from Cueva de
Cenizas, near Guane, Pinar del Rio. (Length, 8.7 in.)
cal identity of this culture with that of the
"coast" or Ciboney people of the Baracoa
district, which, as will be remembered, lies
at the opposite extremity of the island.
AND MONOGRAPHS
342
CUBA
Flints. — Flint chips were fairly numerous
also, but these were evidently used as
knives and scrapers without further elabora-
tion, instead of being improved by second-
ary chipping, as was often done in the
eastern district.
Human Remains. — Human bones repre-
senting several individuals were scattered
throughout, but lay mostly in the back of
the crevice under the overhanging wall, and
included the frontal portion of a skull
without a trace of artificial deformation.
Many of the bones, although fairly well
preserved by the dry ashes, had been broken,
and some showed traces of burning.
Breccia. — Where moisture had trickled in
through crevices in the rock, a kind of
breccia had been formed in which bones,
shells, and crab-claws were imbedded; but
this existed only in certain spots, the bulk
of the deposit being in such a condition
that the fine ashes rose in a dusty cloud
when disturbed.
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON— CUBA, I
PL. LXXXIX
PORTALES ROCK-SHELTER, NEAR GUANE, PINAR DEL RIO,
SIERRA CUEVA OSCURA IN BACKGROUND
PORT ALES DISTRICT
343
OTHER CAVES
After finishing the Cueva de Cenizas, we
located one small cave containing indica-
tions, on the opposite side of Portales river,
but did not excavate this; and at another
time Sr Jose Diez Camejo, a teacher,
showed us still another, called the Cueva
Obispo, across the river from Guane, in the
southern end of the Sierra de la Cueva
Oscura, but this, while showing some traces
of aboriginal occupancy, yielded nothing of
interest.
AND MONOGRAPHS
344
CHAPTER XVI
Sites about Remates
LA GUIRA
THE greatest service to Cuban ar-
cheology by Sr Jose Diez Camejo
was performed when he called the
writer's attention to the fact that
some articles of a superior grade of work-
manship, different in character from what
we had found, are occasionally picked up
on this end of the island, and he proved his
statement by presenting to the expedition
three fine petaloid celts, which, so far as
appearance and finish are concerned, might
have come from a Taino site in Baracoa,
also two conical pestles, much like those
found about Santiago de Cuba, and a curi-
ous squarish grinding stone, all found in the
vicinity of La Guira, near Remates de
Guane, which is the westernmost settlement
of any importance in Cuba, the name Re-
INDIAN NOTES
ABOUT REMATES
345
mates, translated freely, meaning "Land's
End/' or "Ultima Thule."
Taino Celts. — Two of the Taino celts are
shown in pi. xcv, of which b, nearly 4 in.
long, is fairly well made of hard green stone;
while a, 2.9 in. long, ^^
is of fine-grained black -k" A
material, and very well & 9
made, in symmetry fl 9
and finish fully equal- ■ ■
ing the average of j9 B
those from eastern H
Cuba. It was learned 9 R
afterward that this fl n
was by no means an jj B
isolated find, a num- Wk H
ber of such celts being §| H
reported from the 1 R
Mantua district near $9 H
the coast northwest of ^^^^^^^^■^^^
Guane; moreover, the Fig. 101.— Pestle of stone
, from La Gtiira, near Re-
wnter has Seen ex- mates, Pinar del Rio.
i r j o (Length, 4.5 in.)
amples found near San
Vicente, north of Viflales, as will appear later.
Pestles.— One of the pestles presented by
Sr Diez Camejo is the fine conical specimen
AND MONOGRAPHS
346
CUBA
shown in fig. 101, which is 4.5 in. long, and
is made from a coarse impure hematite.
LAKE AT MALPOTON
Before the writer left Habana, Dr de la
Torre had informed him that an account had
been published in some Cuban newspaper of
the finding of wooden objects, thought to be
of aboriginal origin, in the muck of a lake-
bed near Remates.
Early Find of Wooden Objects. — Later,
while working in the caves at PortaleS, one
of the helpers, an intelligent old man named
Nemesio Valdes, informed the writer that
he had formerly lived near Remates, at a
place called Malpoton, and that about the
year 1900 a neighbor of his, Domingo Cor-
rales by name, was digging a well for his
stock, during a drouth, in the edge of a
swampy old lake-bed, when he found a rude
wooden bowl, an arrow, and (Valdes thinks)
also a bow imbedded in the mud. These
things, together with the discovery of the
celts above mentioned, led to the belief
that the vicinity of Remates might repay
investigation.
INDIAN NOTES
MALPOTON
347
In the meantime, Dr Rodriguez, who had
been obliged to return to Habana, had se-
cured a letter of introduction to the owner
of the lake where the discoveries reported
in the newspaper were made — a letter
which proved subsequently to be of great
service.
Trip to Malpoton. — Leaving Guane, May
24, the writer, in company with Sr Valdes,
proceeded to Mendoza by rail and thence
by automobile to Remates. On this trip
the mountain country was left behind us,
and we soon found ourselves crossing a
great rolling prairie, dotted here and there
with dwarfish thorny palms called guano
prieto (pi. xcvi), then regions reminiscent
of the pine barrens of Florida (pi. xcvn) —
scattered scraggly pines interspersed with
occasional low-growing palms like "scrub
palmetto." Finally, after perhaps 16 miles
of this kind of terrain, we reached a fertile
cultivated district again, and soon rolled
into the good-sized village of Remates, then
pressed on to Malpoton, a small settlement
3 or 4 miles farther, toward the wilds of
Cabo San Antonio.
AND MONOGRAPHS
348
CUBA
The Malpoton Plantation. — Here we found
the plantation on which the lake is situ-
ated, owned by Sr Manuel Garcia Pulido,
of Habana, to whose son, Don Nicolas, as
resident manager of the place, we presented
our credentials. This gentleman and his
younger brother not only entertained us
most hospitably, and found horses, guides,
and information for us, but very kindly pre-
sented the remarkable wooden specimens
shortly to be described — for all of which the
author wishes to express here his sincere
appreciation.
A little questioning soon brought out the
fact that it was here at Malpoton where the
original Corrales find o£ wooden objects
was made, also the later discoveries the
newspaper accounts of which had attracted
the attention of Dr de la Torre; but that
La Giiira, where the celts were picked up,
lay miles away to the southward, and must
constitute a problem by itself.
How the Wooden Objects were Found. —
The lake-bed had been filled with muck and
vegetation, as is still a similar one in the
neighborhood (pi. xcviii), when Corrales
INDIAN NOTES
MALPOTON
349
made his discovery, and remained in the
same condition when the present owner took
possession. t About June, 1915, this gentle-
man, needing fertilizer for his crops, had the
swampy lake-bed cleared of trees and under-
growth, and, taking advantage of a drouth,
dragged out all the mud down to solid bot-
tom with teams and scrapers and spread it
on his fields, leaving the pretty little lake
shown in pi. xcix, which is now of good
water, and measures approximately 240 ft.
long, from north to south, with a width of
about 180 ft.
It was during the progress of this work
that the remarkable wooden objects were
unearthed, all imbedded in the mud near
the bottom of the lake, and, it is said, not
far from its center. With them were two
objects of stone, now lost, which, from the
descriptions furnished, seem to have been
hammerstones.
Carved Staff. — The best of the wooden
objects is the unique carved staff shown in
fig. 102, which represents a class of work
not hitherto found, to the writer's knowl-
edge, in the West Indies, but in fact is
AND MONOGRAPHS
350
CUBA
slightly reminiscent
of northeastern
South America, and
even of Polynesia.
Made of a hard,
black, coarse-grain-
ed wood, perhaps a
species of palm, it
measures 22.6 in.
long. Generally cy-
lindrical, the shaft is
a little less than an
inch in diameter, ex-
panding at one end
into a disc 2.5 in.
across, but the re-
mainder of it is plain
until within 5.25 in.
of the opposite end,
where a very effec-
tive pattern begins
"' , and continues to
Fig. 102.— Baton of wood
(Ciboney?), found in mud of within eight-tenths
a lake bottom at Malpoton, , -
near Remates, Pinar del Rio. of an inch from the
(Length, 22.6 in.) .
tip, covering half of
INDIAN NOTES
MALPOTON
351
the decorative protuberance found at this
point. ■
The design consists of alternating series of
vertical and horizontal grooves and rows of
dots, very neatly made, as the drawing (fig.
102) shows. The vertical grooves are wider
than the horizontal, and contain transverse
scorings which add greatly to the effect,
and the whole shows the very careful and
painstaking use of aboriginal tools. The
finders thought the object must have been
a macana, or warclub, but to the writer's
mind it was more probably a ceremonial
baton or staff, or even a ceremonial pestle,
and as the design is so different from any-
thing identified with the more advanced or
Tainan Arawak Indians of Cuba, it may
perhaps be regarded as a good example, in
fact perhaps the only recorded example, of
the decorative art of the more primitive
people. And so far as the writer knows,
it is more than the only recorded example —
it is the only one that survives.
Arrow. — The only aboriginal arrow the
writer has seen from Cuba is illustrated in
fig. 103, also one of the lake finds. With
AND MONOGRAPHS
352
CUBA
/ife n
a length of 3 ft. 5.2 in., it
had a maximum diameter of
about half an inch, and the
h 0M
distal end terminates in a
1 |riv|
conical point which shows a
ITU
smoothness, almost a polish,
K • ' * ''fH
not evident elsewhere, per-
mm
PI
haps caused by being fre-
quently imbedded in the
ground. The rest of the
shaft, which is of hard, black
wood like the carved staff,
0m
shows also the work of primi-
tive tools, probably flint
,1
chips, to scrape it into form;
11
the notch for the bowstring
<,! i
is very shallow, and the shaft
below it but slightly indent-
;\W
ed to afford a grip for the
fingers.
There is little mention of
* arrows in the accounts of
/IG-]?^-rArrT early Cuba, except the state-
of wood(Ciboneyr),
found in mud of a ment that the Indians at the
lake bottom at Mai- , .
poton, Pinar del eastern end of the island
in!)' engt ' ' learned archery from their
INDIAN NOTES
MALPOTON
353
enemies, the Caribs, who paid them occa-
sional hostile visits, but according to popu-
lar tradition the last Indians of the Cabo
San Antonio district, a few of whom sur-
vived well into the nineteenth century,
were expert bowmen — in fact the exter-
mination of the last individuals is said to
have been due to their habit of killing the
settlers' cattle with this weapon, which
roused the whites to offer a reward for their
destruction.
Fire-stick. — Made of the same kind of
material as the last two specimens is an
upper fire-stick which was found with
them. Its length is 9.8 in., its greatest
thickness about 0.7 in. Although slightly
more decayed than the other objects,
enough of the surface still remains to show
not only traces of the aboriginal imple-
ments with which it was made, but decided
marks of the bowstring or thong by which
it was rotated, evidently by either the bow-
drill or the strap-drill method. The top,
although somewhat wasted by decay, has
been plainly rounded to fit the socket neces-
sary to either method, while the lower end,
AND MONOGRAPHS
354
CUBA
which fitted into the piece of softer wood
forming the lower part of the fire-making
combination, shows heavy charring. This,
as well as the following, will be illustrated
in another part of this work.
Other Carved Sticks. — Two other carved
sticks similar to the preceding in material
and workmanship also formed part of the
collection from the Mapoton lake, but were
presented by us, with an assortment of
other specimens, to the Museo Montane at
Habana University in partial recognition of
the many kindnesses, the facilities, and
active assistance rendered the writer by
Drs de la Torre, Montane, and Rodriguez.
One of these, of unknown use and showing
plainly the marks of stone implements,
measures 19.5 in. in length, while its com-
panion, which looks like a drumstick,
measures only 7.75 in.
Wooden Bowls. — Also imbedded in the
muck of the lake-bed were two wooden
bowls, of which the more complete, al-
though the cruder, is seen in pi. c. It
measures 10.2 in. in length. The material,
although rather heavy, differs from that of
INDIAN NOTES
MALPOTON
355
the foregoing in being of finer grain and of
light-brown color, instead of almost black.
The most noticeable feature is the charred
condition of the interior, showing that it
had been hollowed out, in part at least, by
burning, shell gouges probably serving to
scrape out the charcoal between the appli-
cations of fire. The outside not only shows
burning, but, where not too badly decayed,
strokes of a dull implement, supposedly of
shell or stone, and marks of a gritty rock
used to rasp the surface smooth. Thinner
and better made, but warped and wasted
by decay, is the second bowl, of which part
of one side is missing, which we presented
to the Museo Montane. The wood is
hard and brown, the grain curling, the form
oval, measuring 13 in. by 9 in., with a
height of 3.5 in.
Still another similar bowl, flat, circular,
and low-sided, found in another lake east
of Remates, called the Laguna de los
Indios, may be seen in the collection of
Col. Federico Rasco in Habana. The last
two will be illustrated later.
AND MONOGRAPHS
356
CUBA
Surface Finds. — Careful search of the
vicinity of the Malpoton lake where the
muck had been spread failed to reveal
more than a few fragments of crumbling
worked wood, so small that their original
Fig. 104. — Mortar of stone (Ciboney), found on the
surface at Malpoton, Remates, Pinar del Rio. (Height,
3.6 in.)
character could not even be conjectured.
On the surface of the fields in the vicinity,
however, were found a number of stone
pestles, some of them well made and coni-
cal in form, for the greater part of impure
hematite.
INDIAN NOTES
CAYO REDONDO
357
Some stone mortars of an unusually deep
type were also picked up here, one of which
is illustrated in fig. 104, which, with a diame-
ter of only 5.2 in. and a height of only 3.7
in., has a depression 2.4 in. deep. Both the
pestles and the mortars probably represent
the primitive culture of the region.
CAYO REDONDO SHELLMOUND
About six or seven miles to th£ north of
Malpoton, on the shores of the bay of La Fe,
ao-y
of
iOO JM
Fig. 105. — Sketch map of the Cayo Redondo shellheap.
may be seen an oval island known as Cayo
Redondo, "Round Key," just at the edge of
the mangrove swamps and truly an island
AND MONOGRAPHS
358
CUBA
only at high-tide. Its most interesting
feature is an oval mound of shells (pi. ci)
covering most of the surface and reaching a
height of about 4 ft. in some places near the
periphery, but showing a decided depres-
sion in the center. Its length is about 220
ft. from northwest to southeast, its width
about 135 ft. The sketch map (fig. 105)
will give an idea of its form and sur-
roundings.
Construction. — The mound was con-
structed almost entirely of the shells of
conchs, of which S trombus pugillus seems to
predominate, almost every one of which
had a hole pecked in one side to facilitate
removing the flesh for use as food. There
were also many clam-shells, a few oysters,
and some turtle-bones in the heap, all of
which came to light when we dug a small,
test-hole, together with some ashes and
charcoal, relics of ancient fires.
Artifacts. — The only artifacts found dur-
ing our brief visit were a typical hammer-
stone with a slight pit in the center of each
side and showing considerable battering
about the periphery from long use, and a
INDIAN NOTES
■HARRINGTON — CUBA, I
MOUTH OF CUEVA CENIZAS, NEAR PORTALES DE GUANE,
PINAR DEL RIO
CAYO REDONDO
359
grinder made of coral, bearing marks of long
service.
Ciboney Culture. — An exploration trench
driven through this shellheap would prob-
ably yield interesting if crude specimens
illustrative of the life of its builders, whom
the writer, from the scant evidence at hand,
would identify with the cave-dwelling
people of Portales, whose culture resembles
in its turn that of the Ciboney people of the
Baracoa district.
As in the case of so many sites attribut-
able to this cruder Cuban culture, careful
search of the surface failed to reveal a trace
of aboriginal pottery — only some broken
modern crockery, relics of recent fishermen.
The island was probably not a regular place
of abode in Indian days, but merely a
fishing station where the conch-meat was
removed from the shells and dried for future
use, each discarded shell adding to the pile,
but in the way of camp refuse very little
was deposited. The formation of such
heaps was a common Antillean custom, ac-
cording to the data secured by de Booy
and recorded in Chapter IX of this volume.
AND MONOGRAPHS
360
CHAPTER XVII
Cabo San Antonio
WHILE examining some caves in the
immediate vicinity of Malpoton,
which proved to contain nothing
of interest, we met a man named
Pio Lazo who had frequently guided timber
scouts through the wilds of Cabo San
Antonio, with which he was reported to be
quite familiar. Conversation with him
soon revealed the fact that in the course of
his wanderings he had noticed caves con-
taining ashes, and had observed mounds of
ashes and shells in the interior of that
heavily-timbered and sparsely-settled terri-
tory.
The work at Malpoton finished, we en-
gaged our informant as guide, hired horses,
and set forth early one morning to examine
the sites he had reported. After about
half an hour we passed the last house of the
INDIAN NOTES
CABO SAN ANTONIO
361
cultivated district and plunged into the
jungle — the thickest extended tangle of
vegetation ever seen by the writer (pi. en).
The Jungle Trail. — At first the ground was
swampy and the trail muddy — even danger-
ously boggy in spots; then we came to a
ditch cut through the morass by some
lumbering concern for floating out logs of
mahogany and other valuable woods; this
was spanned by a rickety bridge which the
horses were induced to cross only after
much persuasion. Finally solid ground was
reached, and rough stony stretches began to
take the place of mud in the trail, swamps
grew fewer and farther between, and occa-
sional large trees were seen towering above
the lower jungle growth.
Soon scattered, low-growing palms with
enormous leaves, known in this district as
cana hata, began to appear, and quaint
orchids could be seen clinging to trees and
bushes at varying heights. The morning
was weli advanced when we noted that the
land had become distinctly higher, then we
skirted a little sabana, or prairie, and
passed a deserted palm-thatched cabin.
AND MONOGRAPHS
362
CUBA
Valle San Juan. — Finally we came upon
a beautiful little lake, rock-rimmed, almost
circular, and perhaps 150 yds. in diameter
(pi. cm), in whose crystal depths many
fish could be seen swimming, a lake which
we were told lay about halfway between
the Caribbean to the south and the Gulf
of Mexico to the north. About it were
grouped several thatched cottages and ad-
jacent clearings — the settlement known as
Valle San Juan.
Two Village-sites. — Situated respectively-
north and south of the lake were traces
of two ancient villages, of which the latter,
on the little farm of Sr Lino Borrego Chi-
rino, had been by far the larger.
The Great Midden. — The owner's house
stands on a distinct knoll (pi. civ), perhaps
200 ft. from the water's edge, which on in-
vestigation turned out to be nothing less
than a great midden, or mound of camp
refuse, measuring about 130 ft. from east
to west and 180 ft. from north to south,
with a height of some 4 ft. This, except for
the part where the cottage and outbuildings
stood, was under cultivation at the time of
INDIAN NOTES
CABO SAN ANTONIO
363
our visit, as was the level ground between
the mound and the lake, and all showed
abundant evidences of ancient habitation.
Surface Specimens. — Walking about here
we picked up thirty perfect and many
Fig. 107.— Bead
of shell (Ciboney),
from midden at
Valle San Juan,
Fig. 106. — Gouge of shell (Cibo- Cabo San Antonio,
hey), from midden at Valle San Pinar del Rio.
Juan, Cabo San Antonio, Pinar del (Max. diam., 0.7
Rio. (Length, 3.7 in.) in.)
broken shell gouges (one of which is seen
in fig. 106), eighteen shell beads, most of
them exceedingly rude (fig. 107), a frag-
ment of a deep mortar which when perfect
must have been like fig. 104, some flint
AND MONOGRAPHS
364
CUBA
chips, a few broken shell vessels of the same
type as those shown in fig. 100, and one
small fragment of aboriginal pottery.
Excavations. — Sr Borrego kindly allowed
us to dig test-holes in his garden, which
revealed the fact that the refuse deposit
was 3 ft. to 4 ft. deep along its crest, and
was composed of irregular layers of ashes
and earth, mixed with an enormous quantity
of crab-claws and many marine shells, to-
gether with the bones of jzitias, fish, and
turtles.
Artifacts. — Among these, which in places
were consolidated into a soft breccia, were
scattered occasional artifacts, such as flint
chips, shell gouges, shell beads, broken shell
vessels, battered pebble hammerstones,
some of them pitted, a square-sided hammer
or grinding stone with a slight pit in five of
its six sides, and a small cylindrical natural
pebble showing on both ends long use as
pestle and hammer.
Of the various types of beads found here,
some are made of fish vertebrae, of which
one kind is merely the natural bone, its
central perforation enlarged by drilling, as
INDIAN NOTES
CABO SAN ANTONIO
365
was found on Ciboney sites in Baracoa; in
another specimen we have the same per-
foration, but in addition the periphery has
been carefully ground round, and an en-
circling groove cut; while in a third the bone
has been so ground down on all sides that
its resemblance to the original vertebra
from which it was made has been lost. An
Oliva shell was also secured, with the spire
ground away to make a perforation, ren-
dering it available as a bead, identical with
hundreds found in Baracoa; while the nu-
merous flat shell beads, most of them rough,
were evidently made from fragments of
bivalve shells and the walls of conchs, more
or less chipped and ground into form, and
perforated, apparently with the aid of a
pointed splinter of flint. It will be remem-
bered that shell beads, both like the rougher
and the better-made ones in this series, were
found on the Ciboney sites in Baracoa.
On the smaller site on the other side of the
lake only one broken shell gouge was picked
up, but an unusual curved pestle, made of
what seems to be a fine grayish conglomer-
AND MONOGRAPHS
366
CUBA
ate, was found on the surface, also a piece of
flint showing chipping.
Cuban Hospitality. — Sr Borrego very
kindly permitted us to swing our hammocks
in his house and invited us to take our
meals with him, for all of which he would
not accept a centavo; moreover, he in-
formed us that he would be pleased to have
us return whenever we might find it con-
venient to investigate his mound, so the
writer takes this opportunity to express his
cordial appreciation. We found this kindly,
hospitable and helpful spirit of frequent
occurrence in all ranks of society in Cuba,
among educated people and among the
illiterate alike, in all parts of the island we
visited.
CAVES
The next morning we started out shortly
after daybreak with our guide, Pio Lazo, to
look at the caves he had mentioned, but on
foot, because the trail through the jungle
was impassable for horses on account of the
rough rocks full of holes in which an ani-
mal's leg could be broken, the sharp lime-
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA,
REFUSE DEPOSIT BENEATH ROCK, CUEVA CENIZAS
(a, Before excavation; b, After excavation)
CABO SAN ANTONIO
367
stone formations known as dientes de perro
or "dog teeth," the fallen trees lying across
the path, and the tangle of vegetation
overhead. It was still cool and shady
when we set forth, taking a course toward
the east-southeast, and hundreds of land-
crabs frantically scuttled away to shelter in
every direction as we walked along, or
stopped in their flight to defy us with
blindly clutching claws. Anyone who has
walked with native Cubans in the country
districts will appreciate the speed with which
we traveled, and will realize that by the
time we had arrived at the first cave, called
Cueva Contrera, the writer was delighted to
rest for a while, and astonished to learn
that we had traveled only about three
miles.
Cueva Contrera. — The country was quite
level, the jungle dense, and there was no
suggestion of a cave until suddenly the dim
trail led us to the edge of a pit 8 or 10 ft.
deep and perhaps 30 or 40 ft. in diameter,
in one edge of which the cave mouth could
be seen. The sun had grown hot, and the
low jungle growth, in spite of the occa-
AND MONOGRAPHS
368
CUBA
sional big trees, offered no protection from
its rays, while effectually cutting off the
breeze, so we lost no time in scrambling
down over some fallen rocks to the cool
shade within the opening, and found that
the floor of the cavern was covered with
about a foot of clear, fresh water, and that
there were no Indian vestiges in sight.
After a brief rest we left the cave, and
proceeding about 150 ft. eastward came
upon an elevation that turned out to be a
midden like that at Valle San Juan, only
smaller, being roughly 100 ft. long by half
as wide, and 2 ft. in height. The usual
crab-claws, shells, bones, and roughly
worked stones appeared here on testing.
Cueva Funche. — Leaving this, and still
holding our course, we pushed ahead and
finally reached our destination, the cave
called Funche, meaning "mush," we were
told, which lies between five and six
miles east-southeast of Valle San Juan.
This proved to be a large cave hung with
many beautiful stalactites, opening, like
the one we had just left, from a great pit
in the floor of the jungle (pi. cv), and also
INDIAN NOTES
CABO SAN ANTONIO
369
like it, with a bottom covered with clear,
cool water about a foot deep. In a few
places small sections of the roof have fallen
in, forming sky-lights which illuminate the
interior, light up its weird stalactites, and
make a fairy picture for the spectator
standing in the cavern's mouth.
','/,'/'
ROCK-SHELTEf
W////M.
llilisp
iff
M
Fig. 108. — Diagrammatic section of the Cueva Funche.
Except on one side, where a talus slope
leads up nearly to the level of the ground
outside, the sides of the pit are overhang-
ing, forming rock-shelters, as shown in the
section (fig. 108), whose floors are consider-
ably higher than the floor of the cave, and
therefore dry and habitable. Test-digging
here revealed, near the top, relics of the
Cuban war for independence against Spain;
a little deeper, gun-flints and other relics of
AND MONOGRAPHS
370
CUBA
the Spanish colonial period; and below all
the rest, signs of Indian occupancy. About
the cave mouth and in the shelters were
found an unfinished shell gouge, fragments
of shell vessels, and two large pieces of
undecorated aboriginal pottery, made con-
siderably better than those found in the
Hoyo Valteso, before described — the only
other sherds of any size the writer has seen
from Pinar del Rio province.
The most impressive indications of the
ancient dwellers, however, were seen out-
side of the pit and just south of it, where
stands a large midden of irregularly oval
form, some 120 ft. by 80 ft., and about 4
ft. high, composed of ashes, crab-claws,
some shells of conchs, clams, and oysters,
and bones of jutias, turtles, and other crea-
tures used by the aborigines as food.
It seemed evident here, as at the Cueva
Contrera and the village-sites near the lake
at Valle San Juan, that the great attraction
for the Indians, who seem to have belonged
to the Ciboney culture, must have been the
abundant supply of fresh water, none too
abundant in this almost streamless district,
INDIAN NOTES
CABO SAN ANTONIO
371
where most of the drainage finds its way
to the sea through underground channels
in the cavernous limestone. All these sites
were noted for exploration later, as were
also similar ones farther out on Cabo San
Antonio, for which we had collected data.
AND MONOGRAPHS
372
CHAPTER XVIII
The Vinales District
INTRODUCTION
AS EARLY as 1915 the writer was
furnished information by Dr de la
Torre concerning the existence of
caves near Vinales, some 17 miles
north of the city of Pinar del Rio. which
seemed very favorable. Then a visit to
Dr Pedro Garcia Valdes, Director of the
Normal School at Pinar del Rio, who kindly
showed the writer two fine petaloid celts
from the Vinales district and gave him
valuable information and letters of intro-
duction, convinced him that at least a pre-
liminary trip should be made at once. An-
other member of the faculty, Srta Dr Ana
America Cuervo, also contributed valuable
information, as did Sr Pablo Llaguno of the
Jefatura de Montes y Minas.
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA, I
TAINO CELTS FROM PINAR DEL RIO, FOUND AT LA GUIRA
NEAR REMATES
Gift of Sr Jose Diez Camejo. (Length
of a, 3.9 in.)
VINALES DISTRICT
373
Finally, on June 1, the writer arrived at
Vinales, where Sr Encarnacion Labrador,
proprietor of the hotel, on reading the letter
of introduction from Dr. Garcia, received
him with great courtesy and introduced
him to several other gentlemen to whom he
related his plans. They listened with in-
terest, with the outcome that a trip was
arranged for the next day to visit the caves,
for which these gentlemen furnished the
horses and other requisites, and volunteered
their services. On account of the assist-
ance they rendered to this pioneer archeo-
logical work in western Cuba, the writer
takes pleasure in recording their names,
with those mentioned before, with his
thanks. They were Senores Ernesto Lab-
rador Perez, principal of the local public
school and brother of the hotel proprietor,
Alfredo Organes Duro, the district school
inspector, and Alvaro Martinez Blanco, the
municipal judge,
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
The country about Vinales. as may be
seen by the photograph (pi. cvi), is unusu-
AND MONOGRAPHS
374
CUBA
ally picturesque — flat fertile valleys nestling
among the rather low but very abrupt and
rugged Sierra de los Organos. A few miles
to the north of the town, but cut off from
it by a spur of the range, is the valley of La
Guasasa, and here our party, which in-
cluded the gentlemen named above, com-
menced exploration by a visit to a cavern
known as Cueva de los Santos, "Cave of
the Saints," probably on account of its
weird stalagmitic formations suggesting
statues in a church.
CUEVA DE LOS SANTOS
This was by no means easy of access,
for the entrance was at least 300 ft. above
the valley, and the trail exceedingly rough
and in places precipitous. When at last
we reached it, winded and reeking with
sweat, we found a large, airy, and gratefully
cool cave, opening almost southward and
commanding a beautiful view. The mouth
is fully 80 ft. wide and 20 ft. high, and the
floor slopes downward steeply to a depth of
about 15 ft., beyond which it is reasonably
level. Here the cavern spreads out into a
INDIAN NOTES
VINALES DISTRICT
375
large chamber, from which three others
open. One of these, to the east, has a floor
slightly higher than the rest, and this con-
tains a number of natural tanks of clear,
cool, fresh water, which must have been a
great attraction to the Indians, for while
the valleys here are well watered, potable
water is rarely found so high in the moun-
tains. The central chamber leads down-
ward and backward, and we were not pre-
pared to follow it to the end; while the
westernmost, also large and containing
some water, and decked with picturesque
stalactites and stalagmites, receives light
from a natural air-shaft reaching to the top
of the mountain from one side of it. In
this chamber a rude but much-worn pestle
of impure hematite was picked up, and in
the back of the main chamber a broken
vessel of conch-shell, which when perfect
must have been like fig. 100. In the very
mouth of the cave lies a deposit of aboriginal
refuse, mainly ashes, in which test-holes
showed the usual bits of shell, etc. — a de-
posit which might repay excavation.
The descent of the mountain proved
AND MONOGRAPHS
376
CUBA
almost as difficult as the ascent, but we
finally reached the level ground with rea-
sonably whole skins, and made our way
out to the main road from Vinales, which
we followed northward toward a place
called "Bano de San Vicente," examining
on the way a number of caves which proved
to be unsuitable, either by structure or by
location, for aboriginal occupancy, and con-
sequently contained no relics. Finally,
however, in the last cove of the mountain
on the north side of the valley before reach-
ing the San Vicente school-house, we lo-
cated another inhabited cave, at the level
of the valley floor, opening nearly eastward.
CAVE AT, SAN VICENTE
The habitable part of the mouth was not
more than 20 ft. in diameter, for the back
of the cave was full of large rocks; behind
these tortuous passages opened back into
the mountain, but were not followed out
for lack of time. A Cuban family had lived
here within recent years and had left some
traces, but there were also abundant evi-
dences of prehistoric Ciboneyes in the un-
INDIAN NOTES
VINALES DISTRICT
377
deriving ash-beds, including flint chips, a
pitted stone, fragments of conch-shell
vessels, and the like, besides the inevitable
crab-claws, juiia bones, shells, and char-
coal. We dug only a few small test-holes,
but here again thorough excavation would
probably reveal something worth while.
Riding on to San Vicente, the writer met
Sr Antonio Acosta Hernandez, a school-
master, who seemed much interested in our
investigations, and the next day very kindly
secured horses at his own expense, and led
the way to an ancient camp-site on a creek
called Arroyo de las Vueltas, near the Con-
stancia Mine, where the two fine petaloid
Taino celts in Dr Garcia's collection were
found.
SITE YIELDING TAINO CELTS
The little field (pi. cvn), situated on a low
knoll adjoining the creek bank, was looked
over with great care, with full realization of
its probable importance as an outpost of a
higher culture, but nothing was found ex-
cept numerous flint chips, a few fragments
of conch-shells, and a hematite hammer-
AND MONOGRAPHS
378
CUBA
stone, but no pottery, and nothing else that
would serve to identify the culture. At
this point Sr Acosta volunteered the infor-
mation that another handsome petaloid
celt had been found here by children, but
had been afterward lost, as was also a small
pottery vessel, once in his collection, washed
out nearby by the waters of the little creek,
some distance below the camp-site.
OTHER SITES
We next visited a deep cave called El
Fogon de los Negros, "The Negroes' Fire-
place," but found nothing; then a heavy
tropical downpour of rain came up which
prevented our reaching a site where some of
Sr Acosta's pupils told him they had found
fragments of pottery — a place that should
prove of considerable interest if the infor-
mation is correct.
"Indians' Oven." — In this neighborhood
also, between the Constancia Mine and San
Vicente, we visited a curious ruined stone
structure known as the Homo de los Indios,
or "Indians' Oven." What is left of the
little building is circular and only about 8
INDIAN NOTES
9:
VINALES DISTRICT
379
ft. in inside diameter; the walls still standing
are 3 or 4 ft. high, of stones and clay, the
narrow entrance to the east. In the middle
feel-
Fig. 109. — Plan and section of the "Indians' oven."
of the floor is a shaft or well, perhaps 5 ft.
in diameter, also walled-up with stones
set in clay, but full of fallen rocks from the
AND MONOGRAPHS
380
CUBA
wall up to within a foot or so of the top.
A plan and section are shown in fig. 109.
Rough field stones were used in the build-
ing, averaging a little more than the size of
a man's head, and neatly and regularly
placed, but not in tiers; clay was used as
mortar, and smaller stones to chink the
spaces between the large ones. No signs
of fire were seen, nor were there any traces
of village refuse or other signs of habitation
in the vicinity.
According to local tradition this structure
was found here by the first settlers when
they cleared the land, but no one can guess
the purpose for which it was built, nor
who the builders may have been, if they
were not Indians. Certain it is that others
have been reported within a few miles,
also somewhat similar structures of burnt
clay. Only the excavation of a number
would tell the story. It may be possible of
course that they are kilns constructed by
the early voyagers to extract from the pine
trees, abundant in the region, the tar they
needed for their ships.
This closes the work in Pinar del Rio
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VINALES DISTRICT
381
province, for the heavy rain mentioned
above proved to be the beginning of the
rainy season, which here is marked by a
terrific downpour every afternoon, streams
swollen beyond fording most of the time,
and, in general, unfavorable conditions for
archeological exploration. The work had
barely been begun, however, and many
months more could be well spent in' this
virgin field.
SUMMARY
Summing up the results of our work in
Pinar del Rio, we note first that the ma-
jority of the Indians of this province had
not advanced beyond a very rude and
primitive stage of development, and sec-
ond that this rude culture, so far as it can
be judged by the remains that have sur-
vived, was practically identical with the
more primitive of the two cultures found
by us in Baracoa, and the crude culture
found by Cosculluela and Montane in the
Cienaga de Zapata — the culture which we
have already identified as Ciboney.
AND MONOGRAPHS
382
CUBA
Now, the first Spanish colonists found in
Pinar del Rio a rude savage people,
called the Guanahatabibes, whose mode of
living, they observed, was much more
primitive than that of the Taino Indians
occupying the major part of the rest of the
island, and whose language was different.
The conclusion seems evident that these
Guanahatabibes were the survivors of the
Ciboney people who at an earlier period
had occupied the whole of Cuba, but had
been crowded into a few restricted sections
by the invading Taino from Haiti.
The finding in isolated localities in Pinar
del Rio of occasional fine examples of the
petaloid celts characteristic of Taino culture
seems to indicate either the presence of
Taino fugitives at the time of the conquest,
small colonies of this people who consti-
tuted the remotest outwash of the Haitian
migration wave, or perhaps merely trade
between the Guanahatabibe Ciboney and
the Taino to the east. Further work
should settle this question.
INDIAN NOTES
CHAPTER XIX
Cultures Found in Cuba
ONE of the most important results of
the whole Cuban exploration was
the discovery, beyond doubt, of
the existence of at least two dis-
tinct aboriginal cultures on the island.
That probably more than one might be
found had already first been suspected by
Fewkes,53 but our expedition was fortunate
enough to secure the evidence establishing
the fact.
It will be remembered that, at the very
beginning of our work in eastern Cuba, we
soon found that we were dealing with two
cultures, one of which, the earlier and more
primitive, we called the Coast Culture on
account of the location of most of its sta-
tions in that district; later, as its wide dis-
tribution westward on the island was discov-
ered, it was decided to name it the Primi-
tive Culture, for lack of a plausible tribal
3S3
AND MONOGRAPHS
3S±
CUBA
or stock name; but after reading the ac-
counts of the early writers, it was seen that
Siboney, or better Ciboney, was most ap-
plicable as a general term for the original
natives of the island, in spite of its general
acceptance in Cuba today as a name for
all the Indians living there at. the time of
the discovery. This question will be dis-
cussed in the next chapter.
The second culture, much more advanced,
and evidently of later advent in the island,
was first denominated the Upland Culture,
from its habitat in Baracoa, but it was
afterward decided to call it the Taino or
Tainan Culture, as this name has already
been applied to it by other writers who
have studied the vestiges of this important
division of the Arawak Indians in the
Bahamas, Haiti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico.
As the work progressed, it was seen that
there were certain typical phenomena con-
nected with each culture; these the writer
has assembled in the form of a list in the
hope of furnishing criteria by which the
future student may determine to which
culture a given site may be attributed.
INDIAN NOTES
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CIBONEY CULTURE
385
THE CIBONEY CULTURE
Artifacts. — We soon found that the typi-
cal implements of the Primitive or Ciboney
Culture are the shell gouge (figs. 38, 106),
which is abundant, the shell celt (rig. 53),
which is rarer; the pitted hammerstone
(figs. 56, 57), common, and the stone mor-
tar with a rather deep, cup-shaped grinding
hole (fig. 42). The characteristic recep-
tacle is the shell bowl, made by pecking out
the interior spire and whorls of a conch-
shell, usually S trombus gigas, Triton nodi-
ferus Lam., or Cassis tuber osus Linn,
(pi. xxxrv). The typical ornaments are a
rude, oval pendant made of a rounded,
beach-worn bit of shell or stone, perforated
near one edge for suspension (figs. 40, 91),
and rude disc beads of shell (figs. 41, 107).
Habitat. — In eastern Cuba, particularly
in Baracoa, the characteristic habitat of
this culture is the rock-shelters and cave
mouths along the coast, and in the stream
gorges near it; but sometimes open-air vil-
lage-sites of these people may be found in
these places. On the western end of the
AND MONOGRAPHS
386
CUBA
island open-air village-sites are frequent
and large in places where good fresh water
could be obtained convenient to the coast,
and caves showing occupancy are abundant,
not only near the coast, but near streams
far inland .
Burial Customs. — The Ciboney of Baracoa
buried their dead in the soil of the cave
floors (pi. xlvi) without regularity as to
depth, position, or orientation; but near the
Cienaga de Zapata they seem to have used
their midden-like mounds for interment,
and to have buried with the head toward
the east.
Skull-form. — The Indians of the Ciboney
culture did not flatten the head, hence the
skulls retain their rounded, natural form.
THE TAINAN CULTURE
Artifacts. — The typical implements of
the Tainan culture are the petaloid celt,
usually very symmetrical and often highly
polished (pis. lxxvii, lxxviii); a short
squat form of pestle, usually well made,
and sometimes bearing a carved animal or
human effigy (fig. 10); rubbing stones,
INDIAN NOTES
TAINAN CULTURE
387
often of globular form (fig. 83), showing
facets from use in grinding celts and in
shaping other stones, and sometimes bat-
tering from use as hammers, always made
of hard stone such as diorite, and frequently
of flint; and small, thin slabs of gritty stone
(not exceeding three or four inches long),
obviously used both as rasps for smoothing
surfaces and as files and grooving tools in
shell, bone, and wood work (fig. 90).
The characteristic vessels are of earthen-
ware, comprising cazuelas (fig. 44; pis. xliii,
lxviii), bowls, plates (pis. xli, xlii, lxvii),
and sometimes kettle, bottle, and erratic
forms, all frequently decorated with incised
lines (usually but not always in curved pat-
terns), with raised ridges and nodes form-
ing designs, or with decorative handles
modeled in the round, often highly gro-
tesque effigies of men or animals — sometimes
with a combination of two, or of all three
forms of decoration. To these must be
added the flat, circular, cassava griddles of
earthenware, known in Cuba as buren^
which average about 20 in. in diameter,
AND MONOGRAPHS
388
CUBA
with a thickness of about three-quarters of
an inch.
The typical ornaments are numerous, and
include ear-plugs of conch-shell, suggesting
in size and form the modern collar-button,
but with a thicker shank (fig. 69) ; pendants
of conch and mother-of-pearl shell, usually
in disc or claw-like shapes (figs. 62, 86);
jinglers made of Oliva shells with the spire
end ground away (fig. 68) and sometimes
bearing grinning carved faces (fig. 49) ; amu-
lets in the form of little figurines of shell
(figs. 87, 88) and stone (fig. 35); and beads,
well made and often of ornate form, of both
these materials (figs. 84, 89).
Typical also are flat, oval objects of shell,
carved on one side to represent teeth (fig.
45), which were used as inlays for the
mouths of effigies carved in wood, supply-
ing the toothy grin without which, to the
Tainan mind, no carved face or head could
be complete.
Besides these, there are long and spoon-
like, but slender, objects of bone, charac-
teristic of the Tainan culture, sometimes
nicely carved (fig. 80), to which the name
INDIAN NOTES
TAINAN CULTURE
389
"swallow-sticks" has been given, on account
of their probable use in a Taino purifica-
tion rite, mentioned by the chroniclers,
when they were thrust down the throat to
produce vomiting.
Equally -characteristic of these people- is
their woodwork, which usually bears their
favorite incised patterns, and grotesque
heads carved in the round, suggesting those
seen in their pottery, and their shell- and
bone-work. Unfortunately but few ex-
amples are left, but among the forms pre-
served are the dujo, or wooden seat (pi. v),
the idol (pi. vin), the platter (frontispiece),
and the paddle (fig. 50).
Habitat. — The regular Tainan villages in
the Baracoa district were invariably situ-
ated on the uplands back from the coast,
where the inhabitants could be sure of
enough rain for their corn and cassava, and
near some cave or stream where fresh water
could be obtained. The sites are still fre-
quently marked by mound-like middens,
and by earthen embankments and enclo-
sures. Traces of this people are occasion-
ally seen on the coast, however, under
AND MONOGRAPHS
390
CUBA
circumstances to be explained in detail
later.
Burial Customs. — The Tainan Indians of
eastern Cuba seem to have had two regular
systems of burial, one, interment in the out-
skirts of the village, sometimes in the mid-
dens, in a flexed position, on the side, and
often heading, or facing eastward (pi. lxv,
lxvi); the other method was simply to
take the body into a cave and leave it
lying on the floor, sometimes, when practic-
able, sealing the entrance with stones.
Most of the historic finds of flattened skulls
in the Maisi district, beginning with that of
Rodriguez-Ferrer, have been apparently
from burials of this class .
Skull-form. — All the skulls found by the
expedition, associated with artifacts of the
Tainan culture, had been artificially flat-
tened.
COMPARISON OF CULTURES
Drawings of typical implements, vessels,
and ornaments of the Ciboney culture, com-
pared class by class in parallel columns with
characteristic implements, vessels, and or-
INDIAN NOTES
-i .s
< CM
s 2
Q a
u ~
COMPARISON
391
naments, of the Tainan culture, form the
graphic table shown in pi. cviii, which is
intended to emphasize the contrast between
the two cultures, and perhaps to be of assist-
ance to future students in the field. Some
typical Tainan objects have been left out
of the table for the sake of brevity, especially
when there is no corresponding class on the
Ciboney side, but the artificial flattening
of the Taino skulls, as contrasted with the
natural form of the Ciboney crania, is indi-
cated. To avoid confusing the reader and
befogging the main issue, certain objects,
known to have been used by both cultures
alike, have been purposely omitted from the
above list, also artifacts whose origin is
doubtful, or at least not fully established,
and the discussion of mixed sites. These
will now be taken up in order.
Objects in Both Cultures. — Chief in interest
among objects representing both cultures
alike are the rude implements of flint,
which, although more numerous on Ciboney
sites, are by no means rare throughout the
Tainan deposits examined by the writer.
These consist of sharp-edged and often
AND MONOGRAPHS
392
CUBA
pointed flakes showing use, but with little
or no secondary chipping, evidently em-
ployed as knives, and some, perhaps, as
points for arrows, darts, or spears (fig. 48);
sharp -pointed splinters showing marks of
use as drills; elongate, more or less rec-
tangular, flakes fitted by secondary chipping
for use as knives or scrapers (fig. 46) ; . in
which case the chipping was from one side
only to give a sharply beveled edge; more
or less circular forms chipped to an edge
for use as scrapers" or groovers (fig. 47),
and larger bowlders or pieces of flint with
an edge roughly chipped on one side, prob-
ably choppers or improvised hand-axes
made to meet temporary need. All these
things were found on the sites of both
peoples; but there is one form, not enumer-
ated above, which, perhaps by chance, ap-
peared only at Ciboney stations. This is a
form of scraper, chipped from one side only,
in which the scraping edge is concave, as if
for dressing down arrow- or spear-shafts
(fig. 52).
From the fact that rude flint implements
are found all through the Ciboney deposits
INDIAN NOTES
COMPARISON
393
in Baracoa, which we presume, from the
evidence at hand, to have preceded the
Tainan, it would appear that this elemen-
tary knowledge of flint chipping belonged to
the Ciboneys and was probably adopted
from them by the Tainan invaders. In
western Cuba, however, so far as our work
has shown, the flint implements rarely
advanced beyond the used-flake stage and
seldom shows secondary chipping. Fur-
ther explorations are needed, however, to
establish the exact status of flint-working
in this part of the island.
Among other things common to both cul-
tures may be enumerated the stone weights
unusually classed as net-sinkers — merely flat,
oval pebbles notched at the sides to facilitate
attachment of the cord, which, while very
numerous about the stations of the Ciboneys
near the fishing grounds on the coast, are not
rare in the Tainan middens inland; stone
pestles of bulging cylindrical form; awls
simply made by sharpening splinters of
bone; beads made by rubbing off the spiral
tip of Oliva shells to make a perforation by
which they might be strung, and beads
AND MONOGRAPHS
394
CUBA
made of fish vertebrae by enlarging the cen-
tral perforation. Common also to both
cultures are flat, circular beads of shell,
but those of the Ciboney culture are gener-
ally larger, averaging about 0.3 in. in diame-
ter, while the disc beads of the Tainan are
usually better made and very small, per-
haps half that size. The flat, oval pebbles
and waterworn bits of shell perforated near
the edge for pendants are the only orna-
ments commonly found on Ciboney sites,
and are typical of that culture, and for that
reason are included in the above list and in
the graphic table; but these were sometimes
made and used by the Taino also, although
in small numbers in proportion to their favor-
ite circular gorgets and claw-shaped pen-
dants of shell, and their great variety of
amulets.
Objects of Doubtful Origin. — Pottery of
any kind is very rare on Ciboney sites,
except in certain cases where it is found on
or near the surface and is obviously Tainan
and intrusive, but once in a while, as at the
early village-site at Mesa Buena Vista, near
Jauco, may be found sherds, usually plain but
INDIAN NOTES
COMPARISON
395
sometimes decorated with simple angular
patterns, of rather rude vessels which seem
to have been of flattened globular form,
like the more recent Pinar del Rio vessels
shown in fig. 93, or of the type known as
"boat-shape," oval in outline and pointed
at both ends. Now, semiglobular and boat-
shape forms and angular patterns are by
no means unknown to Tainan ware, al-
though they are not common; yet it seems
significant that such forms and such pat-
terns, and these only, should be found
apparently associated with the Ciboney
culture.
A glance at the collection from Jamaica
in the Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, reveals the suggestive
fact that the forms and decorations of the
ancient pottery from this island are for the
greater part the identical ones just men-
tioned as sometimes associated with Ciboney
remains in Cuba. Hence it seems possible
that there may have been settlements of
Jamaican Indians in Cuba before the com-
ing of the true Taino, or at least settlements
of Indians with similar sub-Tainan culture,
AND MONOGRAPHS
396
CUBA
perhaps left here during the wave of migra-
tion which peopled Jamaica, for which Cuba
would be a natural stepping-stone — people
whose pottery in some cases and by some
means, perhaps through trade, became
mingled with the refuse of Ciboney camps.
Or perhaps Ciboney bands that survived
the coming of the Taino learned pottery-
making from them, but manufactured little,
and took up as decoration only the simple
angular patterns they themselves had been
in the habit of using in other lines of work.
This would explain the fact that many long-
occupied Ciboney sites in both eastern and
western Cuba show not a trace of pottery.
These theories remain to be substanti-
ated, however. The few fragments found
in Baracoa may be intrusive, after all, and
in Pinar del Rio, the few pieces found near
the surface in the Cueva Funche, and the
single sherd from the Valle San Juan mid-
den, may have been left by the same Tainan
colonists or fugitives who left the petaloid
celts at La Guira near Remates and at
San Vicente near Vinales. So the connec-
INDIAN NOTES
COMPARISON
397
tion of pottery with the primitive culture
must still remain doubtful.
Although a few crude and fragmentary
stone celts were found on some Ciboney
sites of the Baracoa region, none were
found except where there was reason to
suspect the later presence of Taino. No
celts whatever, nor fragments of them, nor
unfinished specimens, nor the necessary
and characteristic rubbing stones for mak-
ing them, were found in any of the long-
occupied purely Ciboney sites like Flint
Cave near Ovando in Baracoa, nor in any
of the primitive Pinar del Rio sites.
Yet the rude celt shown in fig. 5, found
by the Montane expedition in the clearly
Ciboney mound at Loma de Rizo near the
Cienaga de Zapata, seems to show that
this people sometimes had such implements,
although apparently not of the petaloid
form.
Among the objects of doubtful origin are
the rude carvings on stalagmites and on
cave walls, of which the best found by our
expedition are shown in pis. lvii-lx.
There is no positive evidence connecting
AND MONOGRAPHS
398
CUBA
these with either culture, although it
seems probable that the ruder ones at least
are Ciboney.
Another doubtful class of objects is the
conical pestle. We found none in Baracoa,
but about Santiago they are quite abun-
dant as surface finds. Here they can be
connected with the Tainan culture, because
they sometimes bear grinning, carved faces
(fig. 9), typical of that people's handiwork;
but in Pinar del Rio, while the writer has
never found them in situ in Ciboney sta-
tions, they have frequently been picked up
on the surface near such places, and may
here belong to this culture. Perhaps, like
the net-sinkers and other artifacts men-
tioned above, they were used by both.
The wooden objects found in the mud. of
the Pinar del Rio lakes must be included in
this list, for it is not certainly known to
which culture they may be attributed, as
they were not associated with the known
products of either. None of them shows a
trace of the characteristic flowing curved
designs, the conventional eyes, and the
grotesque grinning heads and faces typical
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON— CUBA,
JUNGLE ON- CABO SAN ANTONIO, PINAR DEL RIO
COMPARISON
399
of Tainan art; in fact, only one of them is
decorated at all, the handsome baton shown
in fig. 102, and this exhibits a design and
technique entirely foreign to Tainan pat-
terns and methods. It is easy to say, "We
have found two cultures in Cuba — Tainan
and Ciboney; these things are not Tainan,
therefore they must be Ciboney;" but it is
better not to be too positive until we have
found such things associated with objects
whose origin is known. Meanwhile the
specimens, for exhibition purposes, have
been classed as pertaining to the Ciboney
culture.
To which culture belonged the custom of
cremation as illustrated by caves whose
floors are covered several inches deep with
the charred, calcined, and broken bones of
many individuals, is even more doubtful —
the pieces of skulls found are too frag-
mentary to be of use for identification, and
the single Ciboney pitted hammerstone
picked up in one of the caves is not sufficient
to give more than a hint.
AND MONOGRAPHS
400
CUBA
MIXED SITES
As might be expected, there are certain
places along the coast which were occupied
by both peoples: these were the regular
homes of the Ciboney during their time, but
fishing places and embarkation points only
for the Tainan people in later years. So it
happens that there are numerous' caves
near good landing places and fresh water
that show a thick layer of Ciboney refuse
at the bottom, and a thin Tainan layer, or
scattered artifacts from this people, on the
surface. In other places, such as the village-
site near the lighthouse at Cape Maisi, the
vestiges of both peoples were scattered so
thinly over so large an area that they have
become thoroughly mixed.
SPORADIC FINDS
Once in a great while a Ciboney shell
gouge or a pitted hammerstone may be
found on a Tainan site, but they are so in-
frequent that the exception proves the rule.
They may have been brought home as
trophies or curiosities, or may have been
INDIAN NOTES
DISTRIBUTION
401
the property of Ciboney servants among
the Taino. A unique burial was that of a
solitary, typical, flat-headed Taino in ' the
earth of the floor of Burial Cave No. 1, La
Pa tana, identical with Ciboney burials; but
that does not affect our conclusions concern-
ing the typical method of burial of either
people. In this and in the other phases of
culture discussed in this chapter, we must
base conclusions on the majority of cases.
DISTRIBUTION OF TAINAN CULTURE
In Cuba. — Our explorations found evi-
dences of the Tainan culture throughout
the Baracoa district adjoining Cape Maisi;
we find it about Santiago, and westward to
Asserederos; Rodriguez-Ferrer's work takes
it still farther west to Bayamo, which is the
westernmost recorded outpost of the Tainan
culture, on the south coast, so far as archeo-
logical evidence goes. On the north coast
Sr Tamayo found it at Mayari, east of Nipe
bay; Fewkes reports typical Tainan speci-
mens near this bay, and Sr Eduardo Garcia
Feria's work about Holguin shows that this
culture flourished here in full degree. The
AND MONOGRAPHS
402
CUBA
Jimenez find near Moron, in the northwest
corner of Camagiiey province, judging by
the published description quoted in another
chapter, must have represented the pure
Tainan culture or something but little in-
ferior, and this is our most westerly (archeo-
logical) outpost on record, so far as the whole
complex of petaloid celts, decorated pot-
tery, and clay figurines, is concerned. From
this point westward we have on record only
sporadic finds of petaloid celts, from such
scattered localities as Sancti Spiritus, the
Zapata district, Matanzas, San Miguel in
Habana province, and from three distinct
localities in Pinar del Rio; but whether the
typical decorated pottery, carved shell, and
the like can be traced that far is a question
which further work alone can decide. Then
we shall be able to determine whether the
Taino actually had colonies in these regions,
perhaps, in Pinar del Rio, fugitives who
invaded this last stronghold of the Ciboney
tribes, in the vain hope of escaping the
Spanish conquerors, or whether the peta-
loids were lost by exploring or war parties,
or represent articles traded to the Ciboney
INDIAN NOTES
DISTRIBUTION
403
people. In the accompanying map (pi.
cix) the localities known archeologically to
have been popu'ated by Taino are shown by
solid red spots; the sporadic finds of celts by
red circles.
In Other Islands. — A study of the collec-
tions in this Museum, as well as the works
of other investigators, shows us that the
Tainan culture, practically identical with
that of eastern Cuba, flourished on the
island of Haiti and in the Bahamas; a
slightly modified form of it, more advanced
in some respects, in Porto Rico; and a less
highly developed modification of it in Ja-
maica, whose products are so much poorer
in variety and often so inferior in work-
manship that the culture might well be
called "sub-Tainan." Traces of Tainan
culture may also be seen on some of the
Lesser Antilles, but in these islands arti-
facts of different character appear, sup-
posed to belong to the Carib culture, which,
at this writing, has not been satisfactorily
studied and worked out in detail.
AND MONOGRAPHS
404
CUBA
DISTRIBUTION OF CIBONEY CULTURE
As to the Ciboney culture, our expedition
traced its dwelling places from a cave near
the mouth of the Rio Yumuri, on the north
coast of Baracoa, around Cape Maisi to
Mesa Buena Vista west of Jauco on the
south coast. It was evident again at the
Cueva del Muerto at Siboney near Santi-
ago; and the reason we did not find it in the
coastal caves west of the mouth of the
Yumuri on the north shore, and between
Jauco and Siboney on the south, is simply,
the writer feels, because we had no time to
look. It is likely that Rodriguez-Ferrer's
historic find in the "Caney de los Muertos,"
on the south coast of Camaguey, belonged
to this culture (although the reported finds
of pieces of cassava griddles in other
"caneyes" suggests the Taino), and Prof.
Barnum Brown, of the American Museum
of Natural History, in the course of a con-
versation mentioned the existence of mid-
dens near the bay of Cienfuegos, which the
writer thinks may, on examination, prove
to be Ciboney. Dr Montane's discovery in
INDIAN NOTES
OZ
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<
QLLl
DISTRIBUTION
405
the cave at Sancti Spiritus, although many
of the typical artifacts were not found,
seems to represent an early form of the
same crude culture, while his excavations
with Dr Rodriguez in the midden-like
mounds found by Sr Cosculluela, near the
Cienaga de Zapata, revealed typical Cib-
oney shell gouges, shell vessels, and the like
(pi. iv). From this point onward to the
writer's finds in Pinar del Rio we have no
reports, but it is likely the Ciboney culture
will be found all the way by future investi-
gators. In Pinar del Rio the culture found
in the Guane caves, the caves of Vifiales,
and the middens and caves of Cabo Sail
Antonio, was certainly practically identical
with the Ciboney culture of eastern Cuba.
Localities known archeologically to have
been inhabited by this culture are indicated
in solid green on our map (pi. cix) ; dubious
sites are shown by green circles.
The Hoyo Valteso pottery can hardly
be classified with either culture, having
been left by fugitive Indians within historic
times, and the so-called "Indians' oven" at
San Vicente and similar structures else-
AND MONOGRAPHS
406
CUBA
where in Pinar del Rio require strict inves-
tigation to determine whether or not they
are Indian at all.
PRIMITIVE CULTURE IN OTHER ISLANDS
Although the writer has not been able to
find any archeological reports on the exist-
ence of a culture resembling the Ciboney of
Cuba elsewhere in the Greater Antilles,
there is historical evidence of a cave-dwelling
people possessing a similar simple culture
in the province of Guacayarima at the
western end of the island of Haiti.54
RELATIVE AGE
In eastern Cuba, where the two cultures
have occupied the same territory, certain
sites are found containing vestiges of both.
An examination of these in places where
the layers are thick enough to be studied
and are undisturbed will always show the
Tainan vestiges above those of the Ciboney,
showing that the Tainan people were the
later comers.
There is no reason for supposing that the
Ciboney people were exterminated by the
INDIAN NOTES
AGE
407
Tainan invaders, although they seem to
have been pushed westward; indeed there
is historical evidence that they survived in
the western tip of the island long after the
coming of the Spaniards, various authors
mentioning, as will soon appear, the rude
tribes in that district who had no farms,
but lived on the fruits of the forest, fish,
and turtles, and had no dealings with the
other Indians. And it is likely that the
"wild" Indians of Pinar del Rio, extermi-
nated during the last century, were survivors
of this people.
AND MONOGRAPHS
408
CHAPTER XX
Conclusions
identification of cultures
$1 ▼ N TAKING up our general conclu-
H | sions we will first discuss more
fully than hitherto the reasons
for identifying the two principal
cultures as Ciboney and Taino, respectively.
However, in considering these problems we
must remember that we are not dealing
with a static condition of population, but,
if we may believe the first-hand evidence of
Las Casas and others, with peoples in active
movement.
Archeology shows a long establishment of
Tainan culture only in the eastern tip of
Cuba, yet, by the time of the discovery, the
Taino had overflowed the island at least
along the southern coast, up to the eastern
border of what is now Pinar del Rio prov-
ince, for Columbus on his second voyage
INDIAN NOTES
IDENTIFICATION
409
found Taino-speaking Indians up to this
point,55 that is, those who spoke dialects
akin to those of Haiti and Jamaica, but
here found a language (probably Ciboney)
which his interpreter, a Taino Indian from
the Bahamas, could not understand; and
the first Spanish colonists found only the
inhabitants of Pinar del Rio, the outlying
islands, and some parts of the interior, dif-
ferent from the rest. The recent character
of this influx, which by Las Casas' time had
become so great that the greater part of
Cuba's Indian population consisted of im-
migrants from Haiti and their immediate
descendants, has not been generally under-
stood, and has given rise to considerable
confusion.56
The Ciboney. — Considering first the prim-
itive culture, we find that archeology can
trace it from one end of the island to the
other, with but little local variation, fre-
quently in caves, associated in places with
the extinct Megalocnus, and underlying all
other human deposits. It is evident that
the people possessing this culture might well
be called the original natives of Cuba; but
AND MONOGRAPHS
410
CUBA
where can we find a name for them? Las
Casas supplies the deficiency by informing
us that the original inhabitants of Cuba, the
same who were subjugated and converted
into servants by the invaders from Haiti,
were called " Ciboneyes."57 That this name
was not applied to an earlier wave of
Taino who had previously settled in Cuba,
but refers to the original natives of the
primitive culture, we may find by the state-
ment from the Munoz collection quoted by
Fewkes,58 which says, "There are other
Guanahatabiyes who are called Ciboneyes
whom the Indians of the same island have
for servants." Now, we know from vari-
ous accounts that the Guanahatabiyes, or
Guanahatabibes, were one of the primitive
tribes of the western end of Cuba, a people
speaking a different language, whose ''man-
ner of living is that of savages, as they have
no houses nor seats nor towns nor farms,
nor do they eat anything but the game
they catch in the woods, and turtles and
fish."59 This makes the chain of evidence
complete, connecting the primitive culture
found by archeology with the "Ciboneyes"
INDIAN NOTES
ID ENTIFIC ATION
411
of the early writers, and gives us authority
to use this term as a name for the primi-
tive aborigines of Cuba.
These were the "very simple" primitive
people who had occupied the whole island
of Cuba from some unknown date in the
distant past, were often cave-dwellers, were
contemporaries of the Megalocnus, and
probably descendants of Montana's "Homo
Cubensis." Dislodged from eastern Cuba
by the Taino a century or so before the
discovery, they were crowded westward;
the flood of Taino increased and overran
the island until they outnumbered the
Ciboneyes, whom, in many cases, they re-
duced to servitude, until by the beginning
of the sixteenth century the primitive
population could be found only as servants
among the Taino, on the islands off the
coast, at some places in the interior, and
in the western extremity of the island, in
the part now known as Pinar del Rio prov-
ince,60 for the writers of the period mention
only the Indians of these places as being
different from the rest. As to language, so
few of the Ciboney words are left that we
AND MONOGRAPHS
412
CUBA
have no material for comparison, but if it
belonged to the Arawak "stock, like the
Taino, it had become so differentiated that
it was unintelligible to the latter. The
name Ciboney, however, was applied to
them by the Taino, and seems to mean
" rock-men," an appropriate term for cave-
dwellers.
The Taino. — The situation is different
with regard to the name Taino, as applied to
the most advanced culture found in eastern
Cuba — in this we are merely following the
precedent of various authors who have
applied this name to the advanced culture
of the Greater Antilles, which attained its
most characteristic development in Haiti,
and left abundant traces in the Bahamas;
while in Porto Rico it became somewhat
differentiated and reached a higher state,
particularly in stonework, but in Jamaica
seems to have lagged behind the rest.
The original authority for the use of the
name Taino seems to be Peter Martyr,61
who, in his account of the second voyage of
Columbus, tells how the Spaniards while in
Hispaniola (Haiti) were approached by a
INDIAN NOTES
IDENTIFICATION
413
body of Indians who assured them that
they were "Tainos," that is to say, good
men and not cannibals. By this statement
it has been assumed that the term refers
to the peace-loving Arawak tribes of Haiti,
as contrasted with the warlike and can-
nibalistic Carib; and it has been extended
by writers on the subject to cover the tribes
of neighboring islands who were similar in
language and culture.62
Having conceded the name Taino to the
predominant culture of Haiti, we find it
applicable to the advanced culture found by
us in eastern Cuba, for the artifacts left by
both are practically identical; in fact the
writer can safely say that the majority of
the objects found in eastern Cuba can be
duplicated from Haiti. It thus appears
that the makers of the artifacts represent-
ing the advanced Cuban culture can be
called Taino.
That these were the immigrants from
Haiti mentioned by Las Casas there is no
room for doubt. It is only reasonable to
suppose that there was an appreciable if
not a numerous population of Taino in
AND MONOGRAPHS
414
CUBA
eastern Cuba at an early date, say at the
time of the peopling of Jamaica, when the
culture was not so well developed as it
became later; but our work shows that the
true Tainan culture did not obtain a solid
foothold in eastern Cuba until a century or
so before the discovery, and that the great
influx of Taino, the one mentioned by Las
Casas, was very late, perhaps, as he says,
only fifty years before his day,63 increasing
as the Spaniards took possession of Haiti
and began to oppress its inhabitants.
The facts that when the Spaniards began
to colonize Cuba they found Indians of un-
doubtedly Taino culture as far west as
Habana, and that Taino-Arawak place-
names are found that far west, have been
taken to indicate that the Ciboney, known
to have been the original inhabitants,
were Taino. But this is a mistake. Both
the evidence of Las Casas64 and that of
archeology shows the Taino to have been
late comers in this part of the island, in
which they had preceded their Spanish
conquerors by comparatively few years,
"making servants" of the primitive native
INDIAN NOTES
OTHER CULTURES
415
Ciboneys or driving them back into the
interior or into the wilderness of what is
now Pinar del Rio.
Traces of Other Cultures. — For many-
years Cuban students of the subject have
believed that the Carib had settlements in
the eastern end of the island, on account
of the rinding there, by various investiga-
tors, of numerous artificially flattened
skulls, which Poey identified as Carib from
their resemblance to a deformed cranium
from St Vincent, an island known to have
been a Carib stronghold.65 This identifi-
cation rests on the supposition that the
artificial flattening of the head was an ex-
clusively Carib custom, which supposition
we can show to be erroneous from both
archeological and historical evidence; but
everyone in Cuba seems to have taken it for
granted, except Bachiller y Morales,66 who
says, "Not only the Caribs, but other In-
dians of Cuba, flattened the head," and cites
historic proof. The fact that such flat-
tened skulls are found frequently on the
Taino islands67 — Haiti, Jamaica, the Ba-
hamas— and are not at all peculiar to those
AND MONOGRAPHS
416
CUBA
occupied by the Carib at the time of the
discovery, would, without anything else,
cast doubt on such a theory. From the
archeological standpoint our most important
evidence, showing the flattened skulls of
Cuba to be Taino and not Carib, lies in the
fact that whenever we found skeletons
buried on typical Tainan sites, such as
Big Wall near Maisi, the skulls were always
of the flattened type; De Booy6^ found flat-
head skeletons buried with unmistakable
Taino pottery vessels on the island of Haiti,
and Fewkes69 illustrates a flattened skull
found ostensibly with a characteristic Taino
bowl on the same island. Nor do we lack
historical evidence to the effect that the
Taino practised such deformation, for we
find in Oviedo the following statement
regarding the Indians of Haiti:70
"They have wide foreheads . . this
kind of forehead is produced artificially, because
when the children are born they squeeze their
heads in such a manner in front and in back,
that, as they are tenc'er creatures, the heads
are forced into that shape, flattened before and
behind, and thus they remain deformed."
INDIAN NOTES
OTHER CULTURES
417
Charlevoix,71 referring to the same In-
dians, even suggests how the flattening was
accomplished, for he says:
"They obtained by artifice this conformation
of the head, which, although it caused them to
have almost no forehead at all, they admired
greatly.
"For this the mothers took care to squeeze
tightly between their hands or between two
little boards the upper part of the heads of their
newly born infants, so as to flatten them little
by little, by which the skull is molded after a
fashion. . . . It is easy to see that this
operation changed the entire physiognomy, and
added much to the fierce air noted in this
people."
It is unnecessary to quote Fray Ifiigo,72
who makes a similar statement for Porto
Rico.
All this would serve to indicate that
some, at least, of the flattened skulls of
Maisi are Taino, and that all are probably
Taino may be inferred from the fact that
none of the very characteristic painted pot-
tery decorated with chubby faces and fig-
urines, nor the fanciful stone-axe forms,
typical of St Vincent and supposedly Carib,
have ever been found in the district, nor
AND MONOGRAPHS
418
CUBA
indeed in all Cuba, which would indicate
that the Carib had no settlements here.
Fig. 110. — Axe of stone (Carib type), from Mesa Abajo,
near Maisi. (Length, 5.7 in.)
In fact, the only specimens the writer
has seen from the island that may be at-
tributed to the Carib are three hatchets,
INDIAN NOTES
OTHER CULTURES
419
and these not of the ornate type, of which
one was collected by our expedition from
the surface at Mesa
Abajo, near Sabana, in
the Baracoa district
(fig. 110), while an-
other, from Banes, near
Holguin, appears in the
Garcia Feria collection
(fig. Ill), and a third
(fig. 27) in the Museo
Montane was picked up
near Mantanzas —
enough to suggest the
raiding parties for which
the Carib were notori-
ous, but not settlements.
Fewkes73 thinks that,
besides the Tainan and
a cave-dwelling culture
(corresponding to the
writer's Ciboney), there
was probably a third,
a fishing people, men- Fig. in.— Axe of stone
6 ^ ^ ' (Carib type), from Banes,
tioned by SOme early near Holguin. Garcia
... . , Feria Collection. (Length,
writers, living along the 8.2 in.)
AND MONOGRAPHS
420
CUBA
coast, particularly among the small keys or
islands. Whether the artifacts left by
these will show enough character to differ-
entiate them from those of the cave-dwellers
remains to be seen, for our historical data
tell us that the two peoples were almost the
same.74 Fewkes himself says of them,
"Contact with people of a higher culture
had raised them somewhat above the
dwellers in the mountains [our Ciboneyes],
to whom they were related."75
Then there is the problem of the lake-
dwellers, the remains of whose pile villages
were found in the Cienaga de Zapata by
Cosculluela, and concerning whom we
have historical data. Only exploration of
their sites can tell us to which, if either,
of the two known cultures of Cuba they are
related. It is quite possible, too, that
further research will reveal traces of early
settlements of Taino made before their cul-
ture had reached its final development,
while it was still no further advanced than
that of Jamaica; in fact, it is only logical
to look for such a culture, for Cuba prob-
ably served as a sort of stepping-stone of
INDIAN NOTES
zee
a
occ
LU °-
LU .
UJZ
<o
ORIGINS
• 421
migration in the peopling of Jamaica, and
it is therefore natural to suppose that some,
at least, of the travelers made it their final
home. This would explain the occasional
finds of Jamaica-like potsherds on some Cib-
oney sites.
MAINLAND INFLUENCES
Taino Culture. — The writer has yet to
see a single object from Cuba suggesting
the Maya art of Yucatan. With regard to
the southeastern part of the United States,
what little influence there was among the
more advanced peoples seems to have
passed from the islands to the mainland,
and not vice versa, for we find throughout
the area covered by the "southeastern"
type of culture, from the Gulf to Tennessee,
and from the Atlantic to eastern Texas, the
typical Tainan type of bowl — the cazuela
(fig. 44) — and scattered petaloid celts have
been found as far north as Georgia. More-
over we find Holmes76 calling attention to
the faci that the resemblance between cer-
tain designs used by the later Indians of the
southeastern United States and Antillean
AND MONOGRAPHS
422
CUBA
patterns is too close to be accidental, and
that the evidence indicates an infiltration of
culture elements from the higher culture of
the islands to the less advanced groups
inhabiting the mainland. In this connection
should also be noted the form of palm- thatch-
ed house still used among the Seminole In-
dians of Florida, resembling the Cuban
bohio,77 which is of aboriginal origin, and the
use of coonti root, somewhat reminiscent of
the Antillean cassava industry among this
tribe.78 On the contrary, we do not find
anywhere in the Antilles flint arrowpoints,
nor the gorgets, "banner-stones," and to-
bacco pipes typical of the southeastern part
of the United States.
Ciboney or Primitive Culture. — So much
for the evidences of contact between the
more advanced culture of the Antilles and
the mainland. When we turn to the
primitive culture, we find Fewkes79 calling
attention to the fact, apparently from his-
torical evidence (at least, on the part of
Cuba), that "the connection of the coast
fishermen of Cuba with the shellheap and
key population of Florida was intimate,
INDIAN NOTES
ORIGINS
423
but it is still undetermined which was de-
rived from the other." In this connection
the writer is pleased to state that we have
in the Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, archeological evidence
to the same effect, found in Florida shell-
heaps, in the shape of rough, flat, shell
beads, identical with those the writer found
in the midden at Valle San Juan in Cabo
San Antonio; and gouges, celts, and vessels,
all of shell, similar to those characterizing
the Ciboney culture of Cuba, from one end
of the island to the other.
If it should ever be established that the
ancient coast fishermen of Cuba received
their culture from Florida, we would then
have good reason to look to southeastern
United States, instead of to South America,
for the origin of all the Ciboney bands of
Cuba (as their culture was practically iden-
tical), and perhaps for the origin of the
primitive people of Haiti, mentioned by the
old writers as distinct from those we know
as Taino.80
Origins in South America. — All the evi-
dence, linguistic and cultural, shows that
AND MONOGRAPHS
424
CUBA
we must look for the point of origin and the
modern relatives of the more advanced
Antillean tribes, that is, the Tainan Arawak,
and the Carib, not in North America nor
in Yucatan, but in northeastern South
America, where both Arawak and Carib
may still be found. Whether relatives of
the primitive Ciboney people of Cuba may
also be found there is a question: so little
of their language survives that there is no
material for comparison. As noted above,
they may even have originated in what is
now southeastern United States.
THEORETICAL PEOPLING OF THE ANTILLES
Let us suppose that there has been a
series of waves of migration starting out
from South America, and spreading from
island to island up through the Lesser to
the Greater Antilles. And let us suppose
that our primitive people formed the first
wave, far back in the dim past, and that
they finally settled in Haiti, and in Cuba,
under the name of Ciboney, and lived
there for many generations, undisturbed
in their caves and rude shelters, subsisting
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON — CUBA. I
IMPLEMENTS
ol
ORNAMENTS
SKULLS
CIBONEY || TAIN0
GRAPHIC TABLE OF CIBONEY AND TAINO CULTURES, SHOWING ARTIFACTS AND SKULL-FORM TYPICAL OF EACH
MIGRATIONS
425
on crabs, fish, turtles, and jutias, and such
natural fruits as they could find in season.
Then suppose a wave of Arawak started
forth, with their culture, already partially
developed, experienced in the corn and
cassava industries, and building service-
able houses; that they worked their way up
through the islands to Porto Rico, Haiti,
Jamaica, and Cuba, in all of which they
settled and multiplied, driving the primi-
tive peoples back into the western part of
Haiti, and westward in Cuba; that their
original culture developed considerably in
Porto Rico and Haiti, and that this ad-
vanced form, which we call the true Tainan,
then spread to eastern Cuba and the
Bahamas, and just before the discovery,
over most of Cuba, but not to out-of-
the-way Jamaica. And, finally, let us
suppose a wave of warlike Carib, gradu-
ally sweeping up through the Lesser An-
tilles, killing off their predecessors and
settling in some islands, leaving others
desolate, and in still others butchering the
Arawak men and taking their women, but
fortunately not making permanent settle-
AND MONOGRAPHS
426
CUBA
ments west of the lesser islands, although
sending piratical raiding parties as far as
Cuba. If we can suppose all this, we shall
have a pretty good theory for explaining
the archeological conditions as we find them
on these islands.
Such are the outlines of Cuban archeology,
so far as they can be determined at the pres-
ent time; but some, at least, of our conclu-
sions are likely to be modified by future ex-
ploration, for it must be remembered that
only in the Baracoa district has anything
approaching thorough work been done, and
that the whole great region from Holguin
and Bayamo westward is practically un-
known archeologically, except for the early
Jimenez find at Moron (the specimens from
which are lost), the Montane discovery at
Sancti Spiritus, Montana's explorations with
Dr Rodriguez near the Cienaga de Zapata in
connection with the Cosculluela finds, and
the writer's modest preliminary observations
in Pinar del Rio.
The next part of this work to be published
will contain an intensive study of the Tainan
Arawak Indians of eastern Cuba, based on
INDIAN NOTES
HARRINGTON—
Taino <
Scafteil
Cibone
Report
HARRINGTON— CUBA.
MAP SHOWING ABORIGINAL SITES AND DISTRICTS EXPLORED OR REPORTED IN CUBA, WITH CULTURES FOUND IN EACH
MIGRATIONS
427
our explorations and artifacts, and on all
other available sources, and a similar ac-
count of the Ciboneyes, so far as our present
knowledge goes. In this second part the
specimens will be illustrated and described
in detail.
AND MONOGRAPHS
428
NOTES
1. Las Cas'as}~ Fray Bartolome de. Historia de
las Indias, tomo in, p. 464, Madrid, 1875.
2. Fewkes, Jesse Walter. The Aborigines of
Porto Rico and Neighboring Islands.
Twenty-fifth Annual Report Bur. Amer.
Ethnology, p. 26, Washington, 1907.
3. Martyr, Peter. De Orbe Novo, MacNutt
translation, 1st Decade, book n, p. 81,
New York, 1912.
4. Rodriguez-Ferrer, Miguel. Naturaleza y
Civilizacion de la Grandiosa Isla de Cuba.
Parte Primera — Naturaleza. Madrid,
1876.
5. Ibid., pp. 177 et seq.
6. Memorias de la Sociedad Economica de la
Habana, tomo xvn, p. 457, Habana, 1843.
7. Rodriguez-Ferrer, Miguel. De los ternco-
las Cubanos con anterioridad a los que
alii encontro Colon, segun puede inferirse
de las antiguedades encontradas en esta
Isla. Congreso Internacional de Ameri-
canistas, Adas de la Cuarta Reunion,
tomo i, pp. 224 et seq., Madrid, 1881.
8. Poey, Andres. Cuban Antiquities. A
brief description of some relics found in
the Island of Cuba. Transactions of the
American Ethnological Society, vol. in,
part 1, p. 195, New York, 1853.
9. Revista de Cuba, tomo n, pp. 246 et seq.,
Habana, 1877.
10. Poey, op. cit.
11. Squier, E. G. Discovery of ancient tumuli
in the Island of Cuba. Read before the
INDIAN NOTES
NOTES
429
American Ethnological Society, May
1860. Published in The Century, June 2,
1860.
12. Montane, Dr Luis. L'homme de Sancti
Spiritus (He de Cuba). Exlrait du
Compie Rendu du XITTe Congres Inter-
national dJ Anthropologic et d Archeologie
Prehistoriques, Session de Monaco, 1906;
tome ii, pp. 141-152, Monaco, 1908.
13. Idem. L'homme fossile Cubain. Study
presented before the Second Pan-Ameri-
can Scientific Congress, Washington, Dec.
27, 1915 to Jan. 8, 1916.
14. Idem. El Congreso Cientifico Interna-
cional de Buenos Aires, pp. 14 et seq ,
Habana, 1911.
15. La Torre y Huerta, Dr Carlos de. Confe-
rencia Cientifica. Anales de la Real
Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fisicas y.
Nalurales, tomo xxvn, entrega 315, pp.
325 et seq., Habana, 1890.
16. Idem (editor). Manual 6 Guia para los
Examenes de los Maestros Cubanos,
chap, ii, Habana, 1901.
17. Culin, Stewart. The Indians of Cuba.
Bulletin of the Free Museum of Science and
Art of the University of Pennsylvania, vol
in, no. 4, Phila., May 1902.
18. Montane, Dr Luis. Rapport sur l'etat des
sciences anthropologiques a Cuba. Ex-
trait des Bulletins el Memoir es de la Societe
d' Anthropologic de Paris, Jubile du Cin-
quatenaire. (n.d.)
19. Fewkes, J. Walter. Prehistoric culture of
Cuba. Amer. Anthropologist, n.s., vol.
vi, no. 5, pp. 585 et seq., Oct.-Dec. 1904.
•
AND MONOGRAPHS
430
CUBA
20. Idem., Porto Rico, p. 216.
21. Cosculluela, Jose Antonio. Cuatro Alios
en la Cienaga de Zapata, pp. 61 et seq.,
Habana, 1918.
22. Fewkes, Cuba, op. cit., pi. xix, 2.
23. Montane. (See note 12.)
24. Bacardi y Moreau, Emilio. Cronicas de
Santiago de Cuba, tomo i, pp. 7-12,
Barcelona, 1908. * r_
25. Fewkes, Cuba, op. cit., pi. xix, 1. ^F *
26. La Torre, Dr Jose Maria de. Mapa de la
Tsla de Cuba, y tierras circunvecinas,
segtin las divisiones de los naturales con
las derrotas que siguio el Almirante Don
Cristobal Colon en sus discubrimientos
por estos mares, y los primeros estab-
lecimientos de los Espanoles; para servir
de ilustracion a su historia antigua. Ha-
bana, 1842 (?).
27. Memorias de la Sociedad Patriotica de la
Habana, tomo xni, pp. 18-67, Habana,
1841.
28. Bachiller y Morales, Antonio. Cuba Prim-
itiva. Origen, Lenguas, Tradiciones y
Historia de los Indios de las Antillas
Mayores y las Lucayas. 2a edicion,
Habana, 1883.
29. Pichardo, Esteban. Diccionario Provincial
de Voces y Frases Cubanas. 4a Edicion
— Correjida y mui Aumentada. Ha-
bana, 1875.
•^ Fort y Roldan, Nicolas. Cuba Indfgena.
Madrid, 1881.
INDIAN NOTES
NOTES
431
31. Zayas y Alfonso, Alfredo. Lexicografia
Antillana. Diccionario de voces usadas
por los aborigenes de las Antillas Mayores
y de algunas de las Menores, y considera-
ciones acerca de su significado y su form-
ation. Habana, 1914.
32. Brinton, D. G. The Arawack language of
Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological
relations. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Phila., 1871.
33. Idem. The archaeology of Cuba. From
the American Archaeologist, vol. 2, no. 10,
Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 1910.
34. Reynoso, Dr D. Alvaro. Agricultura de los
Indigenas de Cuba y Haiti. Paris, 1881.
35. Vidal y Careta, Francisco. Estudio de las
Razas Humanas que han ido poblando
sucesivamente la Isla de Cuba. Madrid,
1897
36. Fewkes, Porto Rico. (See note 2.)
37. Joyce, Thomas A. Central American and
West Indian Archaeologv. New York,
1916.
38. Pi y Margall, D. Francisco. Historia de
la America Antecolumbiana. 1°, tomo i,
cap. xxi, Barcelona, 1892.
39. Cowley, R., y Pego, A. (eHtores). LosTres
Primeros Historiadores de la Isla de Cuba.
Reproduction de las Historias de D. Jose
Martin Felix de Arrate y D. Antonio
Jose Valdes, y Publication de la inedita
del Dr D. Ignacio Urrutia y Montoya.
Habana, 1876.
40. Wright, I. A. The Early History of Cuba,
1492-1586. Written from original
. sources. New York, 1916.
AND MONOGRAPHS
432
CUBA
41. Morales y Morales, Dr Vidal. Nociones de
Historia de Cuba. Adaptadas a la en-
senanza por Carlos de la Torre y Huerta.
Ilustradas por Francisco Henares. Ha-
bana, 1917.
42. Bacardi y Moreau, op. cit. (See note 24.)
43. Baralt, L. A. Apimtes Historicos del
Pueblo de Indios San Luis de los Caneyes.
In Bacardi y Moreau, op. cit., tomo n,
Barcelona, 1909.
44. Montane. (See note 14.)
45. Poey's article in Revista de Cuba. (See
note 9.)
46. Culin, op. cit., p. 195.
47. Ibid., p. 204.
48. de Booy, Theodoor. Certain kitchen-mid-
dens in Jamaica. • Amer. Anthropologist,
n. s., vol. xv, no. 3, p. 429.
49. Idem. Pottery from certain caves in east-
ern Santo Domingo. Amer. Anthropolo-
gist, n. s., vol. xvn, p. 80.
50. Idem., Jamaica, p. 431.
51. Miller, Gerrit S., Jr. The teeth of a
monkey found in Cuba. Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 66, no. 13,
Washington, 1916.
52. Mead, Charles W. The distribution of an
Arawak pendant. Holmes Anniversary
Volume, pp. 316-320, Washington, 1916.
53. Fewkes, Cuba, op. cit., pp. 585 et seq.
54. Martyr, Peter, op. cit., Third Decade, p.
380.
55. Ibid., First Decade, pp. 100, 101. The
point where the "coast began to recede
in a southerly direction" must have been
INDIAN NOTES
NOTES
433
somewhere in the vicinity of Batabano, to
the westward.
56. Las Casas, Historia, p". 464. "All the
greater part of the people by whom that
island [Cuba] was populated were come
from and native of this island of Espan-
ola, although it is true that the oldest and
native people of that island [Cuba] were
like those of the Lucayos ....
an exceedingly simple people ....
and they were called in their language
Ciboneyes, and they of this island either
by persuasion or by force took possession
of that island [Cuba] and its people, and
had them for their servants, not as
slaves . . . ." The statement by
Las Casas that the Ciboney were like the
people of the Lucayos, or Bahamas, has
been the only point difficult to explain
in developing our hypothesis that the
name " Ciboney" belongs really to the
primitive race of Cuba and not to any
Taino division; for most of the known
specimens from these islands are clearly
Taino, and the inference is that their in-
habitants were Taino. The writer feels,
however, from a study of our collections,
that the Taino were comparatively late-
comers in the Bahamas, and that future
work will show the original inhabitants of
these islands to have been a rude and
backward people like the primitive Indi-
ans of Cuba, whose few surviving imple-
ments and utensils are so crude that they
have for the greater part been overlooked
AND MONOGRAPHS
434
CUBA
by collectors. These Indians may have
still been in the majority at the time of the
discovery, and it was to these that Las
Casas compared the Ciboney of Cuba,
characterizing them as " exceedingly
simple" in contrast with the more ad-
vanced Taino tribes.
57. Ibid. The paragraph above, also p. 437.
58. Fewkes, Cuba, op. cit., p. 588.
59. Velasquez, Diego. Letter written in 1514.
In Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de
Indias, tomo xi, pp. 424-425, Madrid, 1869.
60. Fewkes, op. cit.
61. Martyr, Peter, op. cit., First Decade, p. 81.
62. Among the writers using the word Taino
in this sense are: Fewkes, Porto Rico, p.
26; Joyce, op. cit., p. 158; La Torre, Man-
ual 6 Guia, p. 58.
63. Las Casas, op. cit., p. 474. "Afterward
passed from this island Espanola some
people, especially since the Spaniards be-
gan to annoy and oppress its. natives, and
arriving in that one [Cuba] by persuasion
or by force, settled upon it, and by good
luck were able to subjugate its natives,
who, as we stated above, were called
Cibuneyes, the penult long, and, accord-
ing to what we believed at that time, it
was not fifty years before that those of this
island had passed thither."
64. See notes 53 and 60.
65. La Torre, Conferencia, p. 335.
66. Bachiller y Morales, op. cit., p. 154.
67. Joyce, op. cit., p. 228. Brooks, W. K., On
the Lucayan Indians, National Academy
of Sciences, Washington, vol. iv, 10th
INDIAN NOTES
NOTES
435
Memoir, read Nov. 1887. Haddon, A.
C, Note on the craniology of the abor-
igines of Jamaica, in Duerden, J. E.,
Aboriginal Indian Remains in Jamaica,
p. 23, Kingston, 1897. de Booy, Theo-
door, Santo Domingo kitchen-midden and
burial mound, Indian Notes and Mono-
graphs, Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, vol. I, no. 2, p. 114,
New York, 1919.
68. de Booy, ibid.
69. Fewkes, Porto Rico, op. cit., pi. i.
70. Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de.
Historia General y Natural de las Indias.
la parte, lib. in, cap. v, p. 68, Madrid,
1851.
71. Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de.
Histoire de Pile Espagnole ou de S.
Domingue, tome I, pp. 36, 37, Paris, 1731.
72. Abbad y Lasierra, Inigo. Historia Geogra-
fica, Civil y Natural de la ysla de Puerto
Rico, pp. 26, 27, Madrid, 1788.
73. Fewkes, Cuba, op. cit., p. 598.
74. Ibid., p. 588 .
75. Ibid., p. 586.
76. Holmes, W. H. Caribbean Influence on the
Prehistoric Ceramic Art of the Southern
States, American Anthropologist, vol. vn,
pp. 71-78, Washington, 1894.
77. MacCauley, Clay. The Seminole Indians
of Florida. Fifth Rep. Bur. Ethnology,
p. 500, Washington, 1887.
78. Ibid., p. 513 et seq.
79. Fewkes, Cuba, op. cit , p. 598.
80. See note 51.
AND MONOGRAPHS
436
INDEX
Abbad y Lasierra, Iitigo, on skull-form in Porto
Rico, 417
Aborigines of Porto Rico, J. W. Fewkes, author,
70, 140
Academia.de Ciencias in Habana, archeological
collection in, 123-124; Dr J. F. Torralbas of,
52-53; report of Dr Carlos de la Torre to, 56
A cost a Hernandez, Antonio, acknowledgment
to, 377; pottery reported by, 378
Africa, negroes brought from, to Cuba, 166
African, racial admixtures in Cuba, 165-167;
style of carving, 115; terms, in Cuba, 131.
See Negro
Agramonte, Francisco Antonio de, quoted in
Memoirs of the Sociedad Economica, 38
Agricultura de los Jndigenas de Cuba y Haiti,
Reynoso, author, 137
Agriculture, Indian methods of, 138, 168; of east-
ern Cuba, 147-149; of Taino, 154; of western
Cuba, 321-322
Agua, Indian derivation of, in geographic
names, 133
Aguadores Cave, Oriente, visited by Expedition,
172
Air plants or parasites of eastern Cuba, 157-
158, 330. See Orchids
Almenares, Asensio and Jose, of Indian descent,
57,66
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
437
Almiqui or Solenodon, bones of, in middens at
San Lucas, 297; extant, 164
Altars of American mounds compared with those
of Guayabo Blanco, 82-83
Ameghino, F., reports new species of man and
monkey, 55
American Ethnological Society of New York,
paper before, by Andres Poey, 50
American forces, landing of, at Siboney, 171,
311; shelling of Morro Castle by, 173
American Indian, language of, Zayas on, 134.
See North America
American Museum of Natural History, Cuban
collection in, 124; Prof. Barnum Brown of,
165, 404
Americans, how regarded in Baracoa, 169
Ampularia, layers of, in mound on Guayabo
Blanco, 80
Amulets, figurines as, typically Tainan, 388,
394; from Finca Caridad, 243-245; from
. Mesa del Sordo, 186. See Effigies, Fetishes,
Figurines, Idols
Anales de la Accidentia de Ciencias, report of
Dr Carlos de la Torre in, 56
Andalusian mixture in Cuban ethnic type, 139
Anglo-Saxons in Cuba, 138-140
Angular patterns on pottery possibly Ciboney,
395-396
Animal bones: remains of, in caves, 54, 171, 189,
195, 197, 199, 221-222, 271, 274-275, 315,
335-336, 338-339, 342, 377; in middens, 40,
48, 204, 206, 297, 368, 370; in mounds, 47-49,
81, 83, 88-89; in rock-shelters, 179, 322-323,
328, 332-333; in village-sites, 180-181, 184,
231, 235; zoological evidence of, 164-165.
See Human bones
AND MONOGRAPHS
438
CUBA
Animal figures, see Effigies
Animals, Indian names of, 128, 131, 132, 134
Annam, inhabitants of, alleged ancestors of
Cuban Indians, 127
Anon or custard apple 159
Antillean culture, origin of, 70, 93-94, 421-424.
See Culture
Antilles, archeology of, 171; Caribs in, 42-43;
coastal shellheaps in, 236, 359; Cuba the
largest island of, 17-18; dictionaries of, 125-
137; ethnology of, 74; stone idols in, 120-121;
theoretical peopling of, 424-426
Aragua, see Arawak
Arawack Language, Brinton, author, 136-137
Arawak, culture, in Cuba, 94, 289, 351; dis-
tribution in Haiti, 413; language, 19, 50, 136-
137, 411-412; origin, in South America, 19-20,
93-94, 128, 424-425; relation of Ciboney to,
92, 411-412; relation of Taino to, 22, 70, 93,
384, 412; Theodore Shultz among, 137. See
Taino
Archeological collections of Cuba, 96-124
Archeological explorations, in Camagiiey, 35-39;
in Cienaga de Zapata, 73-95; in general,
17-24, 44-50, 66-72; in Oriente, 39-43, 56-61,
64-66, 145-319; in Pinar del Rio, 43-44, 320-
382
Archeology of Cuba, Brinton, author, 137
Archeology of Holguin region, Oriente, 106-111
Archivo de Indias at Sevilla, Spain, 141
Arkansas summer compared with Cuban, 155
Arnold, W. B., Cuban collection of, 124
Arrangement of bones in Boca de Purial, 53-55.
See Orientation
Arrows, aboriginal, of wood, from Malpoton,
346, 351-353; points: of bone, at San Lucas,
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
439
296; of flaked flint, 193, 392; of North Amer-
ican types unknown in Antilles, 422; shafts: in
Cueva de los Indios, P. R., 326; scrapers for
dressing, 392
Arroyo de las Vueltas, Pinar del Rio, petaloid
celts at, 377
Arroyo Playa Larga in Mesa Buena Vista,
Oriente, 178
Ashes: as fertilizer, 337; in caves, 53-54, 171,
189, 198, 215, 221, 260, 271, 273, 338, 342,
360, 375, 377; in middens, 231, 235, 238,
281, 283, 364, 370; in pit, 285; in rock-shel-
ters, 179, 328, 332, 334; in shellmound, 358;
in village-sites, 107, 181, 252; of human
bones, in cave, 257
Asserederos, Oriente, de Booy at, 317; pottery
from caves near, 122; Tainan culture at, 401,
240-241
Ateles or spider monkey discovered by Montane,
55
Atlantic coast (U. S.), artifacts of, compared
with Cuban, 175, 421-422; perforated conch-
shells on, 76
Awls of bone, common to both cultures, 393;
from village-site near Jauco, 201; in Cueva
del Muerto, 315; of fish-bone, from Monte
Cristo site, 206
Axes, monolithic, from La Cueva de los In-
dios, 61; of stone, near Holguin, 107. See
Celts, Hatchets
Bacardi y Moreau, Emilio, author of Cronicas
de Santiago de Cuba, 122, 143-144
Bachiller y Morales, Antonio, author of: Cuba
Primitiva, 126-131; "Entretenimientos His-
toricos sobre la Isla de Cuba — El Idiomia
AND MONOGRAPHS
440
CUBA
Primitiva," 127-128; on Carib skulls, 415; on
Ciboney habitat, 67; Zayas on, 133
Bad lands of Portales district, 330-331
Bahamas, flattened skulls in, 415-416; Indians
of, 140; route of migration from South
America, 128; Taino in, 22, 384, 403, 412, 425;
Taino interpreter from, 409
Bahia de Cochinos, Santa Clara, mounds near, 79
Ball courts, 18; at Laguna Limones, 305; of
Haiti and Porto Rico, 68. See Earthworks
Bananas, plantations of, 148-149, 249
Banes, Oriente, Carib hatchet at, 419; cave
near, described by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 44-45;
effigy pestles found near, 103; Indian settle-
ments near, 107
Bani, Indian name for Banes, 107
Banner-stones unknown in Antilles, 422
Bono de San Vicente, Pinar del Rio, caves near,
376
Baracoa, Oriente, a chieftaincy or province, 106;
artifacts from, in Rasco collection, 97-98, 120,
186; Carib hatchets in, 419; cassava grater in,
98; character of inhabitants of, 168-169;
celts on Ciboney sites of, 397; Ciboney beads
of, 365; Ciboney burials in, 386; Ciboney
culture in, 404; Ciboney flint implements in,
392-393; Ciboney habitats in, 341; on coast
of, 385; Ciboney pottery in; 394-397; conical
pestles in, 398; Culin in, 64; dujo in, 97; ex-
ploration in, 23, 49, 170, 177-310, 426; Indian
descendants in, 166-168; La Torre in, 56, 58,
62; Maisi district of, 149-150; Montane in,
62, 65; pottery in, 123; pottery compared
with Holguin, 104-105; Rodriguez-Ferrer in,
41, 62; stone idols from, 99; Tainan artifacts
from, 108-112; Tainan celts of, 344; Tainan
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
441
culture in, 384, 401; Tainan habitat in, 389;
two cultures of, 381; Yunque or flat-topped
mountain of, 146. See various sites of
Expedition in Oriente
Baracoa, Oriente, port of, 152, 170, 311, 318;
Dr Ildefonso Llamas of, 244; Dr V. Rodri-
guez in, 329; hostility to Americans in, 169;
shipping of semi from, 271; Simon and Com-
pany of, 25; Soler, U. S. consular agent at,
24; stone head from vicinity of, 246; stone
idol found near, 120; Yara and Majayara
near, 57
Baralt, L. A., author of Historic Notes on the
Indian Town San Luis de los Caneyes, 143
Barigua, Oriente, cave near, visited by Culin, 64
Baromys, a small rodent, now extinct, 83;
bones of, in rock-shelter, 333
Ban acuta, a fish, 159
Barrientos, Florencio and Vicloriana, of Yateras
district, 167, 177
Bat guano, as fertilizer, 337; decay caused by,
260; in caves, 42, 198, 273
Baton from Malpoton, 351
Bats, in Big Water cave, 263, 266-268, 272, 316;
in Cueva de la Virgen, 316; in Cuevadelos
Murcielagos, 334-335; species of native, 164
Bayamo, Oriente, idols found near, given to
Rodriguez-Ferrer, 31-34, 113; midden near,
explored by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 40; Rodri-
guez-Ferrer in, 30, 401; west of, unexplored,
426
Bayatiquiri, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Bay of Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, middens near,
404
Beads, bone: in Cueva del Muerto, 315; in Valle
San Tuan, 364; shell: common to both cul-
AND MONOGRAPHS
442
CUBA
tures, 393-394; from La Patana, 253; from
Monte Cristo site, 206; from Valle San Juan,
363-365; in Caletica cave, 190; in Flint cave,
224; in rock-shelter near Jauco, 192-193; of
Ciboney type in Florida, 423; typically
Ciboney, 385; typically Tainan, 388, 394;
stone: at San Lucas, 294; from Pueblo Viejo,
301; from Laguna Limones, 307; from La
Patana, 253; from Monte Cristo site, 206;
typically Tainan, 388
Beall, John W., acknowledgment to, 25
Bee-hunters, ladders of, 174
Bees, wax and honey of, 248
Bemba, Matanzas, mounds near, 51
Bemis, W. H., acknowledgment to, 25
Big Wall Site at San Lucas, explored by Expedi-
tion, 279-298, 303; flattened skulls of, 416
Big Water Cave near La Patana explored by Ex-
pedition, 261-268
Birds, bones of: in caves, 54, 339; in mound, 81;
effigies of, 35, 48-49, 109-110, 307; native,
163
Black, stone, celts of, 345; wood: arrow of, from
Malpoton, 351-352; bowl of, in Rasco collec-
tion, 99; staff of, 350
Blight of coconut palm, 156-157
Boa, called majd, 162; captured in Cueva Zemi,
268
Boat-shaped vessels of earthenware, 240-241,
243, 317; possibly Ciboney, 395
Boca Caleta, Oriente, cremated human bones at,
257
Boca de Purial, Santa Clara, explored by Mon-
tane, 52-55
Boca Jauco, Oriente, Mesa Buena Vista near,
177
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
Boca Ovando, Oriente, cave near, 42
Bofil y Cayol, Jose, acknowledgment to, 25, 119
Bokio, a palm-thatched cottage, 176; compared
with Seminole house, 422
Bohios, a village of, 247; location of, at El
Lindero, 303; of Pueblo Viejo, 144
Boma, Oriente, cave near, visited by Culin, 64
Bone: arrowpoints or spear-points, 296; articles,
at San Lucas, 285, 296; awl, 315; awls, com-
mon to both cultures, 393; beads, 315, 364;
carved heads, typically Tainan, 389; carving,
from Pueblo Viejo, 109; dish, 253; imple-
ments, from village-site near Jauco, 201;
ring, in Flint cave, 224; spoons and swallow-
sticks, 109, 296, 304; swallow-sticks, Tainan,
388-389
Bone Cave, see Cueva de Huesos
Bones, see Animal bones. Fish bones, Fossilized
bones, Human bones, Skeletons, Skulls, Turtle
bones
Booy, Theodoor de, acknowledgment to, 22-23,
176-177; at Asserederos, 317; on coastal
shellheaps, 359; on flattened skulls in Haiti,
416; on Santo Domingo, 236; preliminary
survey by, 22-23, 170; Sr Antonio Rey's
assistance to, 229-230; work of, at Gran
Tierra de Maya, 230-246, 301, 317
Borrego Chirino, Lino, acknowledgment to,
364, 366; village-site on property of, 362
Boruga, Oriente, stone idol found in cave at, 120
Bottle, Tainan form of, 387
Bow at Malpoton, 346
Bow-drill method of rotating fire-sticks, 353
Bowlders, chipped, for use as implements, 392
Bowls, earthenware: at Asserederos, 317; at
San Lucas, 292; on Gran Tierra de Maya,
443
AND MONOGRAPHS
444
CUBA
239-240, 243; typical Tainan form of, 387;
shell: a Ciboney artifact, 385; in Cueva
Caletica, 190; in Flint cave, 223; near Jauco,
193, 201; wood: from Laguna de los Indios,
98-99, 355; from Malpoton, 346, 354-355..
See Caznela, Pottery, Vessels
Breccia, cave floor of, 326; human bones em-
bedded in, 37; in Cueva de Cenizas, 342; in
midden, Valle San Juan, 364
Breechcloth, remains of, on skeleton, 255
Brinton, D. G., author of: Arawack Language,
136-137; Archeology of Cuba, 137; onArawak
and Carib relationship," 128
British Association, Ethnological section of,
communication of Sir Richard Schomburgk
to, 50
British Guiana, Brinton on Arawak language of,
136; modern Arawak of, 19
Brown, Barnum, on Megalocnus, 165; on mid-
dens near Bay of Cienfuegos, 404
Brown wood, bowls of, from Malpoton, 355
Burenes or cassava griddles, a typical Tainan
form, 387; in Camagtiey, 36. See Cassava
griddles
Burial, arrangement of, in Boca de Purial,
53-55; in refuse deposit, San Lucas, 289-292;
in rock-shelter, 179; orientation of, on Guay-
abo Blanco, 81; Taino: in cave near La Pa-
tana, 255-256; in earth of cave, 401. See
Caneyes, Orientation, Skeletons
Burial caves: Montana's, 52-55; near La Pa-
tana, 254-260; near Ovando, 214; Tainan,
186-187. See Caves
Burial customs, Ciboney, 386; Tainan, 390.
See Ciboney culture, Tainan culture
Burial deposit, see Mortuary deposit
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
445
Burial mounds, see Caneyes, Mortuary mounds
Butterflies, 162
Cabo Cruz, Oriente, visited by Rodriguez-
Ferrer, 43
Cabo San Antonio, Pinar del Rio, Ciboney arti-
facts from, 112; explorations of Expedition
on, 360-371; Indian bowmen of, 353; Mal-
poton near, 347; midden on, 423; perforated
conch shells on, 76; sites for future explora-
tions on, 371
Cacao, plantations of, 150
Cachalots or whales, 163
Caches of artifacts at San Lucas, 296-297
Cacique, Indian term for chief. See Chief
Cacovuquin river, Oriente, Indian remains on,
107
Cacti, of Pinar del Rio, 330; of southeastern
Cuba, 151
Caicos islands, sherds from, 239
Caiman or crocodile, 208
Cairns near Ovando, 218-219
Cajobabo, Oriente, visited by Expedition, 174—
175, 178, 309
Camagiiey, Ciboney culture in, 404; in time of
Columbus, 106; Jimenes find in, 45-49;
Rodriguez-Ferrer in, 35-39; Tainan culture
in, 402
Camellones or ridges used in cultivation, 138
Camps, Ciboney, pottery on sites of, 396
Canarreos, Indians of, Ciboney, 91-92
Canary islands, Florencio Barrientos from, 177
Caney de los Muertos, Rodriguez-Ferrer at, 35-
39, 404
Caneyes, Bachiller on, 128-130; cassava griddles
in, 36, 404; in Camagiiey, 35-39; location of,
AND MONOGRAPHS
446
CUBA
at El Lindero, 303; on Guayabo Blanco,
81-82
Cannibals or Caribs, 135, 413
Canon of the Rio Maya, Oriente, La Patana
extending to, 249
Cantillo site, Oriente, explored by Expedition,
149, 206-207, 212
Cape Ann, Mass.. crabs of, compared with
Cuban land-crabs, 161
Cape Maisi, Oriente, amulet from vicinity of,
244—245; bones of dog found near, 48; caves
on coast-line of, 176-177; Ciboney culture
near, 404; culture of village-sites near,
400; excavations near, 231, 276, 299; flat-
tened skulls found near, 139; La Torre on,
123-124; Montane on, 23, 55, 66; Rodri-
guez-Ferrer on, 30; shellheaps of conchs
near, 236; skulls from cave near, 65; Tainan
culture near, 401; topography of, 145, 146, 149,
239; trails of, 321. See Maisi
Capromys, see Julia
Carahata, a lacustrine village, 78
Caribbean Sea, Jauco on, 152, 170; streams flow-
ing into, 178; terraced cliffs along, 203;
Valle San Juan near, 362; view of, from
camp, 176; voyage on, 173
Caribs, archery learned from, by Cuban In-
dians, 352-353; cannibals, 135, 413; celts of,
103-104; culture of, in Lesser Antilles, 403;
flattened skulls attributed to, 43, 59, 61, 71,
101-102, 129, 139, 290; hatchets of, 116, 418-
419; in St Vincent, 415; language of: Brinton
on, 136; Zayas on, 135; origin in South
America, 127-128, 424; pottery and stone
axes _ of, 417; raids of, 418-419, 425-426;
relation of, to Cuban cultures, 22, 50, 62, 71;
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
447
settlements of, in Cuba, 61, 62, 71,76,415-
418; supposed shellheaps of, 75 94
Caro, a cake of crabs' eggs, 161
Carved, bone: dish, 253; head on swallow-stick,
296; swallow-stick from Pueblo Viejo, 109;
swallow-sticks typically Tainan, 388-389;
shell: distribution of, 402; inlays, 97, 114,
206, 226, 296, 398; ornaments, 252, 307;
pendants, 207, 244, 304; stone: celts, Arawak
in origin, 94; face from Nipe bay, 72; fetish,
303; heads, 245-246; idols, 99, 113, 120;
pestles, typically Tainan, 386,398; stalagmite
or Virgin, 316; wood: 'dujo, 96-98, 186; idols,
113-115; paddle and staff, 208; platter,
225-227, 254; staff from Malpoton, 349-351;
sticks from Malpoton, 354
Carving, in the round, Tainan, 389; on stalag-
mite, makers of, 397-398. See Effigies, Petro-
glyphs
Casaba, see Cassava
Casimba, Oriente, explored by de Booy, 301;
new headquarters of Expedition at, 228. Sea
Finca Caridad, Finca Sitges
Casimbas or natural cisterns, 150; at San Lucas,
278; near Flint cave, 220
Cassava, cultivated by Taino, 389; industry
compared with coonti, 422; starch of, 178,
270. See Yuca
Cassava graters, aboriginal, from Baracoa, 98;
of El Caney, 57; still used in country dis-
tricts, 129-130
Cassava griddles or burettes, a typical Tainan
form, 387; earthen: at Cantillo, 207; in can-
eyes, 36, 404; near Holguin, 108; stone, at
Cantillo, 207
Cassis shell, trumpet of, 60
AND MONOGRAPHS
448
CUBA
Cassis tuber osa Linn., bowls of, Ciboney, 385;
shells of, in middens on Gran Tierra de Maya,
236
Cathay, supposed discovery ofv by Columbus,
126
Catuco hill, Oriente, an Indian site, 107
Cave-dwellers, antiquity of, 68; culture of, 67,
419-420; identified with Ciboney, 137-138,
359, 411; of Greater Antilles, 406; origin of,
71. See Ciboney, Guanacabibes
Cave of Ashes, see Cueva de Cenizas
Cave of the Bats, see Cueva de los Murcielagos
Cave of the Dead Man, see Cueva del Muerto
Cave of the Little Saint, see Cueva del Santico
Cave of the Saints, see Cueva de los Santos
Caverns, see Caves
Cavern worship, Cueva Zemi chosen for, 21 2-21 Z
Caves: along Cuyaguateje river, 43; as sources
of information, 18; at Boruga, 120; at Guane,
405; at Portales, 327-328; at San Vicente,
376-377; at Vinales, 405; Big Water cave,
261-268; burial cave near Ovando, 214;
Caleta cavern, 196-197; Caletica, 188-192;
carvings on walls of, 397; Ciboney burials in.
386; Ciboney culture in, 187, 385-386, 409,
424; cisterns or casimbas in, 150; crabs in,
161-162; cremation in, 399; Cueya de Ceni-
zas, 336-343; Cueva Contrera, 367-368;
Cueva de Huesos, 194-195, 257; Cueva de la
Virgen, 316; Cueva del Indio, 42, 58-60;
Cueva del Muerto, 171-172, 311-316, 404;
Cueva de los Indios, near Ovando, 213, 215-
218; Cueva de los Indios, P. R., 325-326;
Cueva de los Murcielagos, 334-336; Cueva de
los Santos, 374-376; Cueva del Santico, 327,
331; Cueva de Ponce, 32, 58; Cueva Dujo,
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
449
187-188; Cueva Funche, 368-370; Cueva
Obispo, 343; Cueva Zemi, 268-272; El Baga,
299; El Fogon de los Negros, 378; flattened
skulls in, 390; Flint cave, 219-224; haunt of
hammerhead sharks, 211; inhabited in 1915,
167-168; Montane's or Boca de Purial, 52-55,
164; Mylodon, 273-275; near Banes, 44; near
Cabo Cruz, 43; near La Patana, 254-260; near
Malpoton, 360; near Monte Cristo, 207-208;
near Remedios, 44; near San Carlos, 325; near
Siboney, 171-172; near Yumuri canon, 309;
of Banes, 103, 108; of Baracoa, 97-99; of
Cabo San Antonio, 405; of eastern Cuba,
64-65, 147, 173-174, 176-177; of Finca
Cativar, 122, 240-241; of La Patana, 248-249;
of Luis Lazo valley, 320; of Maisi, 114; of
Sabalo brook, 87; of Sancti Spiritus, 405;
spring found in, 197; Tainan burials in,
186-187, 390; wooden platter found in,
227. See Cave-dwellers, Rock-shelters
Cave Village near La Caleta, 191-192
Cayo, Indian term for islet, 36
Cayoban or mahogany at Laguna Limones, 305.
See Mahogany
Cayo Cocodrilo, an islet in Laguna del Tesoro, 77
Cayo de las Estacadas, an islet in Laguna del
Tesoro, 77
Cayo Redondo or Round Key, shellmound of,
357-358
Cazuela type of bowl, 101, 104-105, 122; dis-
tribution of, in U. S., 421; in Jimenez find, 48;
typical Tainan form, 387; vessels differing
from, 323. See Bowls
Celts, shell: Ciboney type in Florida, 423; in
Cueva del Muerto, 315; in Cueva de los
AND MONOGRAPHS
450
CUBA
Indios; 217; in rock-shelter near Jauco, 192;
stone: at Cajobabo, 174; at San Lucas, 294,
297; from Cantillo, 207; from Monte Cristo
site, 206; in Cueva de los Indios, 217; in
Loma de la Cruz, 86; in Maisi district, 60;
on Mesa Buena Vista, 180; of Taino, 29, 90.
112, 344-345, 348, 386; rubbing stones ior,
387. .See Axes, Hatchets, Petaloid celts
Cement, floor of, in El Caney de los Muertos,
36-37; of Pueblo Viejo, 143-144
Centipedes, 162; in Big Water cave, 266
Central American and West Indian Archaeology,
Joyce, author, 140
Central American monkey, teeth of, found by
Montane, 242
Century plants in Pinar del Rio, 330
Ceremonial, baton or pestle from Malpoton,
351; dance-ground at Laguna Limones, 305
Cetaceans, bones of, in middens at San Lucas,
297; dish made from bone of, 253
Chaldean language compared with American
Indian, 134
Charcoal: in caves, 189, 198, 221, 256, 335, 377:
in middens, 231, 235; in refuse, 252; in rock-
shelters, 179, 332; in shellmound, 358; in
village-site, 180-182
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, on skull-
form in Haiti, 417
Chasm in Big Water cave, 262-264
Chief, dnjo or seat of, 96-98
Chieftaincies or provinces of Cuba in Columbus'
time, 106, 125-126
Children, burials of, in caves, 256, 275; on
Guayabo Blanco, 81; flattening "of skulls of,
416-417
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
451
Chinese, in Cuba, 138, 140; language of, com-
pared with American Indian, 134
Chipping of flint, a Ciboney art, 392-393
Choppers, chipped bowlders used as, 392
Ciboney, archeologists on: Cosculluela, 92-95;
Fewkes, 67; Harrington, 427; La Torre,
62-63; Montane, 74; Rasco, 101-102; Rod-
riguez-Ferrer, 42-43; derivation of name,
137, 383-384, 410, 412; early writers on, 67,
91-92, 382, 407, 409; habitat: at El Baga,
299; coastal, 153,184,341, 385-386; identical
with Taino, 400; in caves, 153-154, 187, 409;
in Cave village, 194; in Flint cave, 220-224;
in Pinar del Rio, 341, 402, 406-407, 409, 411;
near Vinales, 376-377; village-site of, on Mesa
Buena Vista, 180-181, 185, 187; identified as:
indigenous, 21, 62-63, 71, 84, 130-131, 142-
143, 382, 384, 409-411; servants of Taino.
67, 91-92, 143, 401, 410-411,414; origin: in
southeastern U. S., 423-424; Reynoso on, 137—
138; Vidal on, 139. See Cave-dwellers, Guana-
cabibes
Ciboney culture, age: 62-63, 70-71, 95, 400, 406-
407; contemporaneous with Megalocnus, 165,
411; artifacts: (general) 28-29, 112, 113, 190-
193, 199-201, 213-214, 218, 220-224, 275,
309, 314-316, 341, 364-365, 376-377, 385,
391-394; mound of Guayabo Blanco, 84;
pottery, 274, 394-397; shell bowls, 340, 385;
shell celts, 192, 217, 315, 423; shell gouges,
60, 84, 340* 385; shell pendants and beads,
364-365, 385, 394; shellheaps, 76, 359; stone
celts, 86, 397; stone idols, 99; stone pendants,
385, 394; wooden idol, 115; wooden objects
of Malpo'ton, 398-399; burial customs: 215-
217, 386, 401; compared with: lacustrine, 78;
AND MONOGRAPHS
452
CUBA
mainland, 421-422; primitive, 406; Tainan,
153-154, 184-185, 390-401, 409; distribution:
21, 67-68, 213-214, 217-218, 370, 381-384,
393, 400-406, 409, 414-415; skull form:
natural, 101-102, 113, 255-256, 386, 391.
See Beads, Bone, Celts, Flint, Pendants, Shell,
Stone, Vessels
Cienaga de Zapata, Ciboney burials near, 386;
explorations of Cosculluela in, 73-95, 113,
381, 405, 426; lake-dwellers of, 420-421; Mon-
tane in, 397; petaloid celts of, 402
Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, bay of, 404; mounds
near, 79
Ciguayos of Haiti, Za}^as on, 135
Circular, beads of shell, common to both cul-
tures, 394; gorgets of shell, typical Tainan,
394
Cisterns or casimbas, 150. See Casimbas
Clams, shells of, in cave, 439; in midden, 370;
in mound, 358; in rock-shelter, 332
Claw-shaped pendants typically Tainan, 388,
394
Clay, cassava griddles, 36; figures, near Hol-
guin, 108; figurines, 34-35, 206, 402; idols,
from La Patana, 253; masses or altars,' on
Guayabo Blanco, 82-83; reddish-yellow, in
pottery, 239-240; relics of, at Moron, 46;
stamp, from near Santiago, 317; used as
mortar in Indians' Oven, 380
Cliffs, of limestone, near Santiago, 311-312;
terraced, of eastern Cuba, 146-147 149, 173
Climate of eastern Cuba, 151-154
Coast, Ciboney habitats along, 385-386; Tainan
habitats along, 389-390
Coast culture later called Ciboney 341, 383-384.
See Ciboney culture
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
453
Cobo or conch, 160; shells of, in Mylodon cave,
274, See Conch, Conch-shell
Cockroach corridor in Big Water cave, 266-267
Cockroaches in Cueva de la Virgen, 316
Coconut palm, blight of, 156-157; groves of, 173
Cocuyo, a firefly, 162
Codakia orbicularis, shells of, in middens on
Gran Tierra de Maya, 236
Cofachique, see Lucayo
Coffee, drying of, in eastern Cuba, 153; planta-
tions of, 148-149
Collections, archeological, of Cuba: Academia de
Ciencias, 123-124; Garcia Feria, 103-106,
377, 419; Museo Montane, 112-119; O'Fal-
lon, 108-112; Rasco, 96-102, 355; Santiago
Museum, 119-123
Colombia, Muyscas Indians of, 139
Colonies of Taino in Pinar del Rio, 402
Color, see Paint, Painted
Columbus, clay figurine of time of, 35; discovery
of Cuba bv, 106; distribution of Taino in
time of, 408-409, 412; Fray Roman Pane
commissioned by, 130; Indians in time of, 30,
33, 71, 78, 91-92, 97, 142-143; inhabitants of
Cuba before time of, 107; routes of, 126. See
Pre-Columbian
Conch, methods of extracting* 236-237; used as
food, 160. See Cobo
Conch-shell, bowl, a Ciboney artifact, 385;
beads, 365; Ciboney method of hollowing, 201;
ear-plugs typically Tainan, 388; fragments,
339,370,377; gouges in mounds, 88; mounds
of, at Cayo Redondo, 358; pendants, typically
Tainan, 388; shellheaps of, 73, 75-76, 94;
vessels, 84, 340, 375, 377. See Shell, Shells
Congress of Americanists, see Proceedings
AND MONOGRAPHS
454
CUBA
Conical pestles, at Malpoton, 356; from La
Giiira, 344-346; in Rasco collection, 101;
makers of, probably Tainan, 398. See Pestles
Conquistador.es, enslavement of Indians by, 234-
235. See Spaniards
Constancia mine, Indians' Oven near, 378;
petaloid celts found near, 377
Coonti root, use of, among Seminoles, 422
Coralline limestone, 249; pestle from La Patana,
253; rock in midden near Manzanillo, 40;
stones in midden, 235. See Dientes de perro,
Limestone
Corn, cultivated, by Arawak, 425; by Taino,
389
Corojo palm, pits for cracking nuts of, 336;
seeds of, in Boca de Purial, 54
Corral es, Domingo, wooden objects found by, at
Malpoton, 346, 348
Coscullitela, Jose Antonio, author of Cuatro
Aiios en la Cienaga de Zapata, 74; Cienaga de
Zapata explored by, 73-95, 113, 381, 405,
420, 426; on Ciboney habitat, 67
Crabs, a Ciboney food, 425; claws of: in caves,
64, 339, 342, 377; in middens, 235, 281, 283,
364, 368, 370; in pit, 285, 286; in rock-shelters,
179, 328, 332-333; in village-site, 180-181.
See Hermit crafts, Land-crabs
Cremation, culture of, undetermined, 399; evi-
dences of: in Bone cave, 195; in cave near
La Patana, 257, 260; in Cueva de Cenizas, 342
Crocodiles, 162; head of, carved on staff, 208
Cronicas de Santiago, Bacardi, author, 122, 143-
144
Cross as handle-design on pottery, 242
Cross-hatch and line decoration on pottery,
Ciboney, 180, 274
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
455
Cuatro, Afws en la Cienaga de Zapata, Coscu-
lluela author, 74-95
Cuba, voyage on the, to Jauco, 172
Cuba Indigena, Fort y Roldan, author, 132
Cuban, ancestry, predominant race of, 165;
language, 134; nightingale, 163; skulls in
Museo Alontane, 119; zoologist, 228; war for
independence, relics of, 369
Cubanacdn, Ciboney migration to, 92; province
of, 106
Cuban Antiquities, Andres Poey, author, 50
Cuban Indian of the Zapata Swamp, Coscu-
Uuela and Montane, authors, 74, 79-83
Cuba Primitiva, Bachiller y Morales, author,
126-131
Cuchillas or ridges of mountains in eastern
Cuba, 146
Cueiba, a chieftaincy or province, now Hol-
guin, 106-107
Cuervo, Ana America, acknowledgment to, 372
Cuesta de Palos, Oriente, native excavations at,
299, 301
Cueva Contrera, Pinar del Rio, visited by
Expedition, 367-368
Cueva Cucaracha, see.Cueva Zemi
Cueva de Cenizas, Pinar del Rio, explored by
Expedition, 336-343
Cueva de Huesos, Oriente, visited by Expedi-
tion, 194-195, 257
Cueva de la Virgen, Oriente, visited by Ex-
pedition, 316
Cueva del Indio, Oriente, Cassis shell trumpet
found in, by La Torre, 60; flattened skulls
found in, by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 42-43, 59
Cueva del Muerto, Oriente, Ciboney culture of,
404; explored by Expedition, 171-172,311-316
AND MONOGRAPHS
456
CUBA
Cueva de los Bichos, see Cueva Zemi
Cueva de los Indios, Oriente, explored by Expe-
dition, 213, 215-218_
Cueva de los Indios, Pinar del Rio, explored by
Expedition, 325-326
Cueva de los Murcielagos, Pinar del Rio, explored
by Expedition, 334-336
Cueva de los Santos, Pinar del Rio, visited by
Expedition, 374-376
Cueva del Santico, Pinar del Rio, worship at,
327,331
Cueva de Ponce, Oriente, idol found in, by
Rodriguez-Ferrer, 32; visited by La Torre, 58
Cueva Dujo, Oriente, dujo and pottery in, 187-
188
Cueva Funche, Pinar del Rio, pottery fragments
in, 396; visited by Expedition, 368-370
Cueva Obispo, Pinar del Rio, visited by Expedi-
tion, 343
Cueva Zemi, Oriente, explored by Expedition,
268-272; 316
Culin, Stewart, investigations of, 63-65; Yara
and Yateras visited by, 167
Culture, Antillean: Cosculluela on, 93-94;
Fewkes on, 66-71; coastal or Ciboney, 184;
fishing, along coast, 419-420; lacustrine,
78-79, 420-421; of Guanacabibes, 62-63; of
mounds, Cosculluela on, 82, 90; of Santo
Domingo, 50; paleolithic, 95; Southeastern
and Tainan, 421-422; Upland or Tainan, 184.
See Antillean culture, Ciboney culture, Tainan
culture
Cups, see Bowls
Curved, designs, characteristic of Tainan art,
398; patterns, a Tainan form of decorating
pottery, 387; pestle, from Valle San Juan, 365
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
457
Custard apple or anon, 159
Cuvier, G. L. C. F., on skeletons found in
Guadaloupe, 39
Cuyaguateje river, Pinar del Rio, human bones
along, 43; Portales river tributary to, 330
Cylinder of stone in Jimenez find, 47
Cylindrical pestle, common to both cultures, 393;
of quartz, in Cueva del Muerto, 314
Dance-ground, see Ball court
Dart-point of flaked flint, common to both
cultures, 392; from Monte Cristo site, 206
Dead Man's Cave, see Cueva del Muerto
Deciduous trees of eastern Cuba, 155, 158
Decorated, pebble in Cueva de los Indios, 217;
wooden platter, 225-227. See Carved
Decoration of pottery: archaic, 293-294; Carib,
417; Ciboney, 180, 274; incised, 240-241, 243;
primitive, 394-397; probable Tainan, 29, 44,
48, 60, 101, 105, 122-123, 184, 205, 207,
252, 310, 387, 402. See Effigies
Decorative art of Indians, 18-19
Deer not native to Cuba, 164
Deposits, see Animal bones
Designs, characteristic of Tainan art, 116, 387,
398-399; on carved staff, 351; of Southeastern
and Tainan cultures, 421
Diamante, a canon of eastern Cuba, 150
Diccionario de Voces y Frases Cubanas, Pichardo,
author, 131-132
Dientes de perro or coralline limestone formation,
212; of Portales district, 331, 367
Diez Camejo, Jose, acknowledgment to, 343-345
Diorite, celts of, from Banes, 103; hatchets of,
at Mayari, 30; hatchets of, in Zapata basin,
90; Tainan implements made of, 387
AND MONOGRAPHS
458
CUBA
Dippers of shell, in Cueva Caletica, 190; in Flint
cave, 223
Disc beads, of shell, typical Ciboney, 385, 394;
of stone, in Cueva del Muerto, 314
Discoidal stones from Oriente province, 101
Disc-shaped, implements of stone, 193; pendants
typically Tainan, 388, 394; stone in Cueva
Caletica, 190
Dishes, 'of carved bone from La Patana, 253; of
shell, from village-site near Jauco, 201; shal-
low form of, in middens on Gran Tierra de
Maya, 239. See Bowls, Pottery, Vessels
Distribution, of Ciboney culture, 404-406; of
Tainan culture, 401-403
Dog, bones of: in middens at San Lucas, 297;
near Cape Maisi, 48; effigy of, on pestle, 103;
native, 48, 164; tooth of, perforated, 206.
See Perro mudo
u Dog-teeth ," see Dientes de perro
Dolls, see Idols
Drills, of flaked flint, 392; from Mesa Buena
Vista sites, 193
Dujo or seat, of stone, from Pinar del Rio, 115;
of wood: in Cueva Dujo, near Jauco, 187-188;
in Rasco collection, 96-98, 186; typically
Tainan, 389
Dumb dog, see Perro mudo
Durdn, Loreto, assistance by, 26, 212
Durdn, Rodolfo, acknowledgment to, 25
Dutch Guiana, Brinton on Arawak language of,
136; modern Arawak of, 19
Early History of Cuba, Wright, author, 141-142
Early man in Cuba, 37, 45, 55, 95, 320,411
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
459
Ear-plugs, carved on wooden idol, 114; carved
on stone idol, 121; of conch-shell, typically
Tainan, 388; of shell from La Patana, 252
Earthen embankments marking Taino sites in
Baracoa, 389. See Earthworks
Earthenware, see Pottery
Earth wall at Veguita, 310
Earthworks, near Monte Cristo visited by Ex-
pedition, 207-210; of Laguna Limones, 305;
of Pueblo Viejo, 41-42, 59, 65, 68; or ball
courts, 18, 68. See Ball courts
Effigies: animal and human on potsherds, 60; as
fetishes, 296; as handles, 35, 49, 65, 101, 109,
122, 172, 184, 205, 207, 225-227, 241-243,
281, 292, 387; bird, 109-110, 307; carved on
dujo, 97; crocodile head, 208; frog, 47, 49;
grinning face, 101, 116, 123, 207, 388; hatchet
or idol, 58; human head on hatchet, 121-122;
human, on pottery, 122-123; of wood, inlays
for, 97, 206, 226, 296, 388; monkey, 242;
owl, 35, 47-49, 104; pestles, 103, 108, 115,
386; turtle, 115; typical of Tainan art, 398.
See Figurines, Idols, Zemi
Eggs of land-crabs as food, 161
El Baga, Oriente, cave at, a Ciboney habitat,
299, 301
El Caney de los Muertos, Camaguey, visited by
Rodriguez-Ferrer, 36-39
El Caney, Oriente, cassava graters of, 98;
effigy hatchet from, 122; La Torre on eth-
nology of, 56-57; surviving Indians of, 131-
132, 143
El Cobre, Oriente, artifacts collected at, 316-317
El Fanal, account in, of Jimenez find, 46
El Idioma Primitiva, Bachiller, author, 127-128,
131
AND MONOGRAPHS
460
CUBA
El Lindero site, Oriente, explored by Expedi-
tion, 299, 302-308
El Pescuero, Santa Clara, Guayabo Blanco an
islet in, 79
El Pescuero, Pinar del Rio, cave at, explored
by Expedition, 325-326
El Salto, a cliff below Cantillo, Oriente, 210-211
Embankments, see Earthworks
Ensenada de Cochinos, Santa Clara, shellheaps
along, 75
Enslavement, of Ciboney by Taino, 411, 414; of
Cuban Indians, 142, 234-235, 298. See Serv-
ants, Slaves
Entretenimientos Historicos sobre la Isla de
Cuba, Bachiller, author, 127-128
Estancia or planted field, 192
Estebez, Gumersindo, Monte Cristo site on prop-
erty of, 203-204
Estrada, Manuel Desiderio, owner of hacienda
where stone idol was found, 33
Estudios Arqueologicos of Rodriguez-Ferrer
summarized, 30-45
Estudios de las Razas Hum anas . . . deCuba,
Vidal, author, 138-140
Ethnology, of Cuba, Montane on, 74; Poey and
Schomburgk on, 50; of El Caney, 56; recon-
struction of Tainan, 21
European crockery, white ware resembling, 294
Extermination, of Ciboney, 406-407; of Cuban
Indians, 19, 95, 298, 324, 353
Eyeri, Arawak term for men, 137; of Porto
Rico, Zayas on, 135
Eyes of inlaid shell, 114, 296; characteristic of
Tainan art, 97-98, 226
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
461
Faces, grinning, of Tainan art, 101, 116, 123, 207,
388, 398; typically Carib, on pottery, 417
Fan palms, uses of, 157
Faro Industrial de la Habana, account of Rod-
riguez-Ferrer's idols quoted from, 33-34;
article in, by Bachiller, 127-128; letter in, by
Jimenez, 47
Fetishes of stone, at San Lucas, 296; from E]
Lindero, 303
Fewkes, J. W ., at Nipe bay, 401; author of
Aborigines of Porto Rico, 70, 140; Cuba
visited by, 66-72; on aboriginal cultures in
Cuba, 383; on connection between Cuba and
Florida, 422-423; on fishing culture in Cuba,
419-420; on flattened skulls in Haiti, 416;
on Guanahatabibes, 410; on stone idols, 115,
120-121; Taino studied by/ 22
Figurines, as amulets, typically Tainan, 388;
of clay: from Monte Cristo site, 206; from
near Bayamo, 34-35; of monkeys, 242-243;
Tainan, near Moron, 402; typical Carib,
417. See Effigies
Files, slabs of gritty stones as, 326, 387
Finca Caridad site, Oriente, de Booy's excava-
tions at, 230-238, 242, 301; middens of, 244;
native excavations on, 299, 301
Finca Cativar, Oriente, pottery from caves on,
122, 240-241
Finca Cocodrilos, Santa Clara, Guayabo Blanco
on, 79
Finca Jiqui, Santa Clara, mound on, 87-88
Finca San Miguel, Santa Clara, mound of
Loma de la Cruz on, 84
Finca Sitges, Oriente, de Booy's excavations at
230, 238-239, 242, 301; headquarters of
AND MONOGRAPHS
462
CUBA
Expedition at, 248-249; native excavations
on, 299, 301
Finca Ventura, Santa Clara, mounds on, 88
Firefly called cocuyo. 162
Fireplace, in Cueva Caletica, 189;- in Cueva del
Muerto, 313; in Flint cave, 221-222; reputed,
in cave near Banes, 44
Fire-stick from Malpoton,' 353-354
Fish, bones of: in Boca de Purial, 54; in caves,
189, 199, 271, 274, 309, 315; in Jimenez
find, 47; in middens, 159, 206, 282, 297, 364;
in mound, 81; in rock-shelter, 333; on village-
sites, 180-181, 254; Ciboney diet of, 154,
407, 410, 426; list of, used as food, 159-160
Fish-bone, awl of, from Monte Cristo, 206;
beads of: 364-365; common to both cultures,
393-394; See Bone
Fishing culture, evidences of, 419-420; origin
of, 423
Fishing-grounds of Ciboney, 393; of Taino, 400
Flattened skulls first found by Rodriguez-
Ferrer in Maisi, 42-43, 59. See Skulls.
Flexed burials, 179,215,217,255,275,2892-91;
of Taino, 390
Flint, arrowpoints of North American types un-
known in Antilles, 422; chipped, 366; chips: at
Cajobabo, 174; at camp-site, 377; in caves,
171, 190, 195, 199, 220, 223, 256, 271, 274,
309, 313, 325, 342; in rock-shelter, 333; on
midden, 364; on village-site, 180, 184; flakes,
294, 391-393; fragments in mound on Guay-
abo Blanco, 82, 84; fragments used to form
grater, 130; implements of both cultures, 183,
191, 391; knives, 193, 206, 288; scrapers, 86
217, 223; Tainan implements of, 387
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
463
Flint Cave, explored by Expedition, 219-224;
no celts found in, 397
Flints, from Cienaga de Zapata, 113; from
Monte Cristo site, 206
Flora, of Cabo San Antonio, 361; of eastern
Cuba, 148-149, 151-153, 155-159, 305; of
Pinar del Rio, 330-331, 347. See Cayoban,
Guayacdn, Jagiiey, Palm, Tropical forests
Florida, ethnological relation of Cuba to, 70,
134-135, 422-423; geographical relation of
Cuba to, 27; origin of Cuban Indians in, 127;
palmetto of, 157; pine barrens of, 347;
Seminole Indians of, 422
Food, aboriginal, fish and snails as, 159-160;
fruits as, 159; land-crabs as, 161; Megalocnus
as, 199; of Ciboney, 154, 407,410, 426. See
Animal bones
Forestall, Thomas, acknowledgment to, 25
Forests, see Tropical forests
Fort y Roldan, Nicolas, author of Cuba Indi-
gena, 132; Zayas on, 134
Fossilized human, bones: Bachiller on, 129; of
Guadaloupe, Cuvier on, 39; jaw: found in
Camagiiey by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 37; de Saus-
sure on, 45
France, paleolithic discoveries in, 37
Free Museum of Science of the University of
Pennsylvania, Culin's work fpr, 63
Frog, effigy of, in Jimenez find, 47, 49
Fruits, native, 158-159; of forest, Ciboney diet,
407, 410
Funche or mush, cave of, 368-370
Funeral, see Mortuary
AND MONOGRAPHS
464
CUBA
Gabinete de Historia Natural, Madrid, Spain,
Cuban artifacts in, 124; fossil human jaw given
to, by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 37
Game of forest, Ciboney diet, 410
Garcia Feria, Eduardo, collection of, 103-108,
377, 419; on archeology of Holguin region,
106-108, 401
Garcia Pulido, Nicolas, acknowledgment to, 348
Garcia V aides, Pedro, acknowledgment to, 372;
collection of, 112
Gardens of the King and the Queen, Ciboney of,
67. See Jardines
Garters decorated with jinglers, 296
Georgia, petaloid celts in, 421
Gibara, Oriente, Indian settlements near, 107
Globular rubbing stones, typically Tainan, 387
Goat, bones of, in rock-shelter, 322
Gorget-like stone ornaments at Portales, 334
Gorgets, of shell, typical Tainan, 394; of stone,
unknown in Antilles, 422
Gouges of shell, a Ciboney artifact, 385, 400; at
Guayabo Blanco, 84, 88; found by La Torre
in Maisi, 60; from Valle San Juan, 363-365;
in Caletica cave, 190; in cave . near Maisi,
309; in Cueva de Cenizas, 340; in Cueva
Funche, 370; in Cueva del Muerto, 314; in
Flint cave, 223; in Florida, 423; in Museo
Montane, 113; in rock-shelters near Jauco,
192; near Cienaga de Zapata, 405; on Mesa
Buena Vista, -180. See Spoons, Woodworking
"Gran Museo Miramar," 176
Gran Tierra de Maya, a plateau of Oriente, 41,
149, 150, 153, 247, 248, 302, 304; de Booy's
work at, 230-249, 301; Expedition on, 24.
228-229; Monte Cristo plateau and, 202
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
465
Grater, aboriginal, at El Caney, 57; from Bara-
coa, 98; in country districts, 129-130
Graux, Andrew de, assistance by, 320
Gravel, as tempering for pottery, 323; of Pueblo
Viejo, 65
Greater Antilles, aboriginal language of, 132-133,
136; affiliation of tribes of, with South
America, 128; cave-dwelling people of, 406;
monkey-effigies common in, 242; Tainan
culture of, 412. See Antilles, Lesser Antilles
Great midden, at Valle San Juan, 362-366, 368;
pottery in, 396; shell beads of, 423
Green stone, celts of, 345. See Serpentine
Griddles or burenes, found in caney es, 36. See
Cassava griddles
Grinding-stcnes, at Ovando, 224; at San Lucas,
294; from La Giiira, 344; in Cueva de Ceni-
zas, 339-340; in Flint cave, 224; near Hol-
guin, 108
Grinning carved faces, Tainan, 388, 398. See
Effigies, Faces
Grit-stone, traces of, on sticks, 326; Tainan files
of, 387
Grooved rubbing stones, 190
Groovers of flaked flint, 392
Grooves and dots, design of, on staff, 351
Grotesque effigies, typically Tainan, 387. See
Effigies, Faces
Grottoes, see Caves
Ground-sloth, see Megalocnus, Mylodon
Guacaica, a native bird, 163
Guacayarima, Haiti, cave-dwelling people of, 406
Guach, Juan, assistance by, 26, 177; digging of
Monte Cristo site by, 204; excavation at
Imias by, 309
Guadaloupe, Cuvier on skeletons found in, 39
AND MONOGRAPHS
466
CUBA
Guajiro or country Spanish, 168
Guamacaro, valley of, Carib hatchet in, 116
Guamo, Fort on Indians of, 132
Guamu or trumpet of Cassis shell, 60
Guanabacoa, Habana, Indian pottery manufac-
tured in, 129
Guandbana, a native fruit, 159
Guanacabibes or Guana hatabibes, Bachiller on,
130-131; culture of, Ciboney, 62-63, 382, 410-
411; language of, 135; peninsula of, 99; serv-
ants to Taino, 410; survivors of cavemen, 68.
See Ciboney
Guane, Pinar del Rio, 344, 345; departure of Fx-
pedition from, 347; return of Expedition to,
329
Guaniguanico, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Guano, as fertilizer, 337; in caves, 317; of bats,
42, 198, 260, 273
Guano prieto or thorny palm, 347
Guantanamo, Oriente, collection of C.T. Pams-
denin, 112; country east of, 145, 147, 150, 151,
165, 167; Fort on Indians near, 132; harbor
of, 173; Montane's explorations near, 66;
Pichardo on Indians of, 131
Guao, a poisonous tree, 158, 331
Guava or guayaba, 158
Guayabo Blanco, Santa Clara, age of mound
at, 83; exploration of, by Montane, 79-84;
other mounds near, 84-88
Guayacdn or lignum vita:, 158; carved platter of,
225-227; dujo of, 97-98; idol of, 113-115;
prehistoric grater of, 98
Guayo or cassava grater, prehistoric, from
Baracoa, 98; still in use, 57, 129-130
Guiana, Arawak and Carib tribes of, 50. See
British Guiana, Dutch Guiana
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
467
Gulf of Mexico, culture of, 421; Valle San
Juan and, 363
Gun-flints of colonial period, 369-370
Haba?ia, Academy of Sciences at, 53, 123;
Indian pottery manufactured near, 129;
Museo Montane in, 84, 112, 256, 263, 355;
newspapers of, 33, 47, 127, 346; Parque
Colon of, 268; Rasco collection in, 96, 186;
return of Dr Rodriguez to, 347; Sr Garcia
Pulido of, 348; Sociedad Economica in, 124;
University of, 22, 25, 31-32, 52, 74, 112-119,
329, 354; visit to, by author, 228
Habana province, 106; aboriginal implements
from, 117-119; Tainan culture in, 402, 414
Habana tobacco raised in Pinar del Rio, 321-322
Habitat of Taino in uplands, 389; of Ciboney,
385-386. See Ciboney, Taino
Hachuelas de piedra, Spanish term for stone celts,
30. See Celts
Hacienda Bermeja, Oriente, midden found on,
by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 40
Hacienda Maisi, Oriente, boundary of, 302
Hacienda Salamanca, Santa Clara, human bones
found in cave on, 44
Hacienda Santa Teresa, Santa Clara, shellheaps
on, 75
Hacienda Valenzuela, Oriente, idol found on,
given to Rodriguez-Ferrer, 31-34, 143
Haiti, Arawak migration to, 424-425; Bachiller
on artifacts of, 129; ball courts of, 68, 305;
beliefs of Indians of, 130; called Hispaniola
by Peter Martyr, 22, 412; cavern worship
in, 273; Ciboney of, 91, 137-138; Ciguayos of,
135; de Booy in, 416; distant view of, 258;
Fewkes in, 416; flattened skulls in, 415-417;
AND MONOGRAPHS
468
CUBA
Indians of, 140-141; negroes of, in Cuba, 166;
origin of primitive cultures of, 127, 406, 423;
Ovando governor of, 211; Taino in, 22, 69-70,
93, 102, 384, 403, 409, 412-413; Taino migra-
tion from, 412-414; Taino in Cuba from,
382; white ware of, 294
Hammerhead sharks, 211
Hammer stones, at Cajobabo, 175; at Portales,
328, 333; at San Lucas, 294, 297; from Can-
tillo, 207; from Cienaga de Zapata, 113;
from lake-bed of Malpoton, 349; from Monte
Cristo site, 206; from near Yumuri, 309; in
Boca de Purial, 54; in cave near Jauco, 199;
in Cueva Caletica, 190; in Cueva de Cenizas,
339-340; in Cueva de Huesos, 195; in Cueva
del Muerto, 171, 314; in Cueva Zemi, 272; in
earthwork near Monte Cristo, 210; in Flint
cave, 223; in Loma de la Cruz, 86; in mound
on Guayabo Blanco, 82; on Mesa Buena
Vista, 183; of hematite, at Arroyo de las
Vueltas, 377; pebbles as, at Valle San Juan,
364; pitted or Ciboney, 193, 399, 400
Hanabana, a river near Guayabo Blanco, 83
Hand-axes, chipped bowlders used as, 392
Handles, effigies as: bone, 109; pottery, 35, 49,
65, 101, 122, 172, 184, 205, 207, 241-243, 281,
292, 387; wood, 225-227; of pottery, 242,
317, 324
Hatchets, Carib, 116, 418-419; Cosculluela on,
94; from Ovando, 115; of diorite in Zapata
basin, 90; on Mesa Buena Vista, 177; or
effigy, 58; with carved head, from Jauco,
121-122. See Axes, Celts k
Havana, see Habana
Hawk, 163
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
469
Heads, carved or modeled: on bone swallow-
stick, 296; of parrot, as amulet, 244; of pot-
tery, 34, 47-49, 65, 104, 122-123, 184, 205,
241-243, 252, 292, 299; of stone, 58, 103,
110, 121-122, 245-246, 270; of wood,- 97,
208, 225-227; typical of Tainan art, 388-389,
398. See Effigies
Heads, see Skulls
Helix (Coryda) alauda, shells of, in middens on
Gran Tierra de Maya, 236
Helix (Polydontes) imperator, as food, 160;
shells of: in middens on Gran Tierra de Maya,
236; in village-site, 180
Helix (Polymita) picta, as food, 160; shells of, in
middens on Gran Tierra de Maya, 236
Hematite, block of, in Mylodon cave, 275;
hammerstone of, 377-378; paint-stones of,
180, 206, 314; mortar and grinding stone for,
224; pendants of, 171-172, 314; pestles of,
346, 375; worked, in Cueva Caletica, 190.
See Paint-stones
Herb called manzanillo, 161
Hermit crabs in a cave, 161-162
Herrera, Antonio de, cited by La Torre, 62; on
flattened skulls, 129.
Heye, George G., expedition to Cuba sent by,
170
Heye Museum, see Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation
Hicotea, a freshwater turtle, 162
Higuanoja river, Boca de Purial near, 53
Hispaniola, see Haiti, Santo Domingo
Historia de la America Antecolumliana, Pi y
Margall, author, ' 140-141
Historia de los Indios de Cuba, Carlos de la Torre
y Huerta, author, 61-63
AND MONOGRAPHS
470
CUBA
Historic Notes on the Indian Town San Luis de Igs
Caneyes, Baralt, author, 143
Historical research in Cuba, 125-144 '
History of the Conquest, by Las Casas, cited, 91
Holguin, Oriente, archeology of, 106-108; arti-
facts from, in Garcia Feria collection, 103-106;
Carib hatchet in, 419; shell object from, 116;
Tainan culture in, 401; west of, unexplored,
426
Holmes, W. H., on similarities between An til-
lean and Southeastern culture, 421-422
Homme de Sancti Spiritus, Montane, author, 116
Homo Cubensis, Ciboneys descendants from,
411; jaw of, in Boca de Purial, 55
Honey, wild, 174, 248
Homo de los Indios or Indians' Oven, 378-380
Hospitality, Cuban, 168, 366
Houses, of Arawak culture, 425; of Seminole,
422
Hoyos or pits of Pinar del Rio, 321-322, 334
Hoyo Valteso, Pinar del Rio, pottery of, 370,
405; rock-shelter in, explored by Expedition,
322-324
Human bones, cremated, 195, 399; from Cabo
Cruz, 43; from Pinar del Rio, 43-44, 113;
from Remedios, 44; from Sancti Spiritus, 113;
in caves, 53-55, 58, 64, 179, 187, 189, 214,
223, 254-260, 309, 315, 325, 326, 338, 342;
in mounds, 39, 81, 83; in rock-shelter, 333.
See Burial, Skeletons, Skulls
Humming-birds, 163
Idols, carved from stalagmites, 120, 269-271;
collected by Rodriguez-Ferrer near Bayamo,
31-35, 113, 120; found by Jimenez, at Moron,
46-49; of clay from La Patana, 253; of clay
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
471
from near Holguin, ' 104; of limestone in
Rasco collection, 99, 120; of stone in Museo
Montane, 115; of stone, makers of, 43, 120;
of wood from Maisi, 112-115; of wood from
Sancti Spiritus, 115; typically Tainan, 29,
120, 389. See Figurines
Igneous rocks, mountains of, 145
Iguana, an edible lizard, 162
Imias, Oriente, effigy pottery found near, 123;
reconnoitered by Expedition, 174, 309-310
Implements, in Loma de la Cruz, 85-86; in
mounds on Guayabo Blanco, 81-82, 84; of
bone, from village-site near Jauco, 201.
See Bone, Flint, Shell, Stone
Incised decoration of pottery, 205, 240-241, 243;
typically Tainan, 387, 389
Indian, beauty, 269; bones in cave, 255; deposit
in Cueva Caletica, 189-190; legend of Laguna
del Tesoro, 76; mixed-bloods, 165-167, 225;
names, 50, 125, 128, 131-134, 414; popula-
tion of Ovando, 212; potters, 242; relics found
at Moron, 46-48
Indians, of Antilles, 20, 130, 140, 141, 416-417;
of Colombia, 139; of Cuba: 20-22, 57, 61-64,
66, 74, 91-92, 98, 125-127, 131, 132, 138-144,
166-168, 177, 247, 329, 351, 381-382, 395-
396, 407, 409, 411; agriculture of,. 137-138;
bohios of, 303; cairns tuilt by, 219; cavern
worship among, 272-273; extermination of
Megalocnus by, 165; food of, 159-163, 199,
236-237, 336; household pets of, 1.64, 297;
monkeys venerated by, 243; natural skull-
form of, 386; persecution of, by Spaniards,
19, 43-44, 95, 142, 211, 234-235, 298, 324;
pottery of, 242, 405; remains of, 81, 83, 103-
108, 215; stalagmite carved by, 316; use of
AND MONOGRAPHS
472
CUBA
arrows by, 352-353; use of caves by, 147;
water problem of, 249, 304-305, 370, 375; of
the United States: and Antilles, 421-422;
knee-rattles in use among, 296. See Ciboney,
Taino
Indians' Oven or Horno de los Indios, 378-380,
405
Indios, definition of, by Pichardo, 131
Infant, skeleton of, 216. See Children
Inlays carved of shell, 97, 114, 206, 226, 296;
typically Tainan, 388
Insects, native, 162-163
Invasion of Cuba by Taino, 407, 411, 413-414
Irish, alleged ancestors of Cuban Indians, 126
Iron spearhead found at San Lucas, 298
Islands inhabited by Ciboney, 67, 91-92, 409
Isle of Pines, Indians of, 140
Jagiiey trees, 157, 214, 261, 264, 330
Jamaica, ancient pottery of, 274, 314, 395;
Arawak migration to, 425; cultural affilia-
tion of, with Cuba, 70, 107; boat-shaped ves-
sels of, 240; flattened skulls in, 415-416;
Indians of, 140; midden of, compared with
Cuban, 234-235, 237; negroes of, in Cuba,
166; sub-Tainan culture in, 403; Taino in, 22,
384, 409, 412, 420-421; tubular pendants of,
245
Jar dines, Ciboney of, 91-92, 143
Jardinillos, Indians of, resembling Ciboney, 91
Jars in Jimenez find at Moron, 48
Jauco, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Jauco, Oriente, Ciboney culture near, 404; dujo
found in cave near, 97; effigy hatchet from,
121-122; Enrique Prada of, 25; Expedition at,
170, 172-176, 211, 228, 309; Hacienda Valen-
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
473
zuela and, 143; Indian settlement near, 167;
Mai-si district near, 149, 152; specimen from,
resembling idol found at Ponce, 32; trail
from, 202; turtle effigy from, 115
Jaw, fossilized human, found by Rodriguez-
Ferrer, 37, 45; of Homo Cubensis, in Boca de
Purial, 55; of raccoon in Jimenez find, 48
Jefatura de Monies y Minas, Pinar del Rio,
acknowledgment to, 372
Jesus,, miraculous figure of, called Santico, 327
Jews, alleged ancestors of Cuban Indians, 127
Jiguani, Pichardo on Indians of, 131
Jimenez, Eusebio, cited by La Torre, 62 ; excava-
tions by, near Moron, 45-49, 402, 426
Jinglers of shell, at San Lucas, 296; from La
Patana, 252; from Monte Cristo site, 206; in
Santiago Museum, 123; typically Tainan, 388
Jiqui, Santa Clara, shellheaps on coast of, 75
Jojo river, Oriente, 150, 310
Jotiker, G. H., assistance by, 26, 172-173
Joyce, T. A., author of Central American and
West Indian Archaeology, 140
Jungle of Cabo San Antonio, 361, 366-368
Juragud Iron Company, acknowledgment to,
311; mines of, at Firmesa, 171
Julia, an edible rodent, 163, 425; bones of: in
caves, 54, 58, 189, 254, 271, 309, 315, 335.
339, 377; in middens, 206, 282, 287, 297, 364,
• 370; in mounds, 47, 83; in rock-shelters,
179, 322, 328, 333; in village-site, 180-181:
hunting of, 264
Kettle, Tainan form of, 387. See Pottery
Kilns constructed by early voyagers, 380
Kitchen-middens, see Middens
Knee-rattles, use of, among Indians, 296
Knives of flint, 193, 206, 288, 313, 342, 392
AND MONOGRAPHS
474
CUBA
Labrador, Encarnacion, acknowledgment to, 373
Labrador Perez, Ernesto, acknowledgment to, 373
La Caleia, a stream near Jauco, Oriente, 191, 202-
La Caletica, a stream near Jauco, Oriente, 188
La Chivera, Oriente, effigy pottery at, 123
La Caeva de los Lndios, Oriente, axe found in, 61
Lacustrine village described by Las Casas, 78
See Laguna del Tesoro, Lake-dwellers-, Pile-
dwellings
Ladders of bee-hunters, 174
La Fe, bay of, Pinar del Rio, 357
La Guasasa, valley of, Pinar del Rio, visited by
Expedition, 374
La Giiira, Oriente, Indian remains of, 107-108
La Giiira, Pinar del Rio, petaloid celts at, 396;
Taino artifacts from near, 344
Laguna de los Lndios, Pinar del Rio, wooden
bowl of Rasco collection found in, 99, 355
Laguna del Tesoro, Cienaga de Zapata, pile-
dwellings of, 73, 76-79, 420-421
Laguna Limones, Oriente, explored by Expedi-
tion, 299, 304-308
Lake-dwellers, culture of, 420-421. See Lacus-
trine village
Lake of Malpoton, Pinar del Rio, wooden ob-
jects from, 348-355
Lake of Voile San Juan, Pinar del Rio, 362
La Macagua, Oriente, Indian remains of, 107—
108
Land-crabs, in jungle, Cabo San Antonio, 367;
of eastern Cuba, 160-162; skeletons eaten
by, 216. See Crabs
Land's End the meaning of Remates, 345
Land shells, species of, in Cuban middens, 236.
See Shells
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
475
Land-snails, see Snails
Land-turtles, see Turtles
Languages, aboriginal, of Cuba, 19, 50, 63, 67,
93, 125, 128, 130-138, 168, 409-412,414
La Papaya Mesa, Oriente, village-sites on, 301-
302
La .Patana sites, Oriente, artifacts from, 225-
227; burial caves at, 254-260, 401; Cueva
Zemi at, 268-273, 316; explored by Expedi-
tion, 60, 228, 230, 247-276; village-site at,
248, 250-254
Las Casas, Fray Bartolome de, Cuba in time of,
106, 134, 138, 142; on Ciboneys, 21, 62,91-92,
410; on lacustrine village of Carahata, 78;
on shifting population, 408; on Tainan inva-
sion, 413-414
La Torre, Jose Maria de, map of, 125-126
La Torre y Huerta, Carlos de, acknowledgment
to, 25, 56, 319, 320, 346, 348, 354; appointed
on exploration commission by Menocal, 74;
artifacts collected by, in Academia de Cien-
cias, 124; author of Historia de los Indios de
Cuba, 61-63; cassava graters found by, 57;
celts found by, 60; editor of Nociones for
school use, 142; in Oriente province, 56-63;
monolithic axe collected by, 61; on skulls, 61;
shell trumpet found by, 60; skeleton from
La Patana given to, 256; skeletons found by,
in cave near Ovando, 214
Layers in deposits, in cave near La Patana, 260;
in middens, 234-235, 238, 280-286, 364; of
Guayabo Blanco, 80-81; of shells in mounds,
88; Tainan nearer surface, 400
Lazo, Pio, engaged as guide to Cabo San An-
tonio, 360, 366
AND MONOGRAPHS
476
CUBA
Legends, of Laguna del Tesoro, 76; narrated by
Cosculluela, 95
Leiba, Gaspar, assistance by, 26
Lesser Antilles, Carib culture of, 102, 403;
route of migration from South America, 127,
128; Tainan culture in, 403. See Antilles,
Greater Antilles
Lexigrafia Antillana, Zayas, author, 131-136
Lighthouse on Cape Maisi, 231, 299, 308, 400
Lightning stones, see Piedras de rayo
Lignum vitce or guayacdn, 158. See Guayacdn
Limes of eastern Cuba, 155, 158
Limestone, canons in, 191; cliffs of, 146-147,
149, '311-312; dientes de perro, 212, 331, 367;
effigy pestle of, 108; idols of, in Rasco col-
lection, 99; implements of, 340; mountains
of, 321, 330-331, 334; outcroppings of, in
middens, 203-204; slabs, as covers, 179, 188,
195, 207; underground drainage in, near Cabo
San Antonio, 371. See Coralline limestone
Lines, incised, a Tainan form of decorating
pottery, 387
Livona pica, shells of, in middens on Gran
Tierra de Maya, 236; used as food, 160
Lizards, native, 162
Llamas, Ildefonso, acknowledgment to, 244
Loma de la Cruz or de Rizo, Ciena ga de Zapata,
a Ciboney mound, 397; explored by Coscu-
lluela, 84-86
Lomas de Banao, Santa Clara, Sancti Spiritus
among, 52
Long Island, artifacts of, compared with Cuban,
175
Lores, Casiano, acknowledgment to, 24
Los Caneyes, near Santa Maria de Casimba
bay, 38
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
477
Los Llanos, in Maisi district of Baracoa, 149;
village-sites, near, 301
Los Tres Primeros Historiadores de la Isla de
Cuba, 141
Louisiana, mounds of, compared with Guayabo
Blanco, 81
Luc ay o or Cofachique admixture in Taino, 93
Luis Lazo valley, Pinar del Rio, caves of, 320
Macaca, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Macana or warclub from Malpoton, 351
Madrid, Spain, Gabinete de Historia Natural in,
37, 124; Natural History and Civilization of
the Island of Cuba, published at, 29; stone
idol collected by Rodriguez-Ferrer in, 32
Magon, a chieftaincy or province, 106, 126
Mahogany, at Laguna Limones, 305; of eastern
Cuba, 158
Maisi, Oriente, a chieftaincy or province, 106;
Caribs in, 61, 62; coastal plain of, 304;
Culin in, 64-65; Expedition in region of,
149-150, 202-310; deformed skulls of, 289-
292, 390, 416, 417; idol found in cave of,
113-114; La Torre in, 58; Montane in, 65-66;
Rodriguez-Ferrer in, 40-43. See Baracoa,
Cape Maisi, etc.
Majd, a boa, 162. See Boa
Majayara, Oriente, stone head from, 245-246;
visited by La Torre, 57
Malpoton, Pinar del Rio, caves near, 360;
exploration of Expedition at, 347-357; wooden
objects of, 346, 398-399 .
Mammals, native, 163-165
Mamon, a native fruit, 159
Man, paleolithic or Ciboney, 95; remains of
early, 37, 45, 55, 320, 411
AND MONOGRAPHS
478
CUBA
Manati or seacow, 163; bones of, in midden
near Manzanillo, 40
Mangrove swamps of Cayo Redondo, 357
Maniabon, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Mantua, Pinar del Rio, collection of artifacts
reported in, 112, 345
Manzanillo, a poisonous herb, 161
Manzanillo, Oriente, Cabo Cruz near, 43;
effigy pestle from, 115; explorations by
Rodriguez-Ferrer near, 39-40
Map, of Cosculluela, 94; of Jose Maria de la
Torre, 125-126
Mar anon, a native fruit, 159
Marcano, G., quoted on mounds of Venezuela, 82
Marten, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Marine shells, in mound, on Guayabo Blanco,
81; species of, in Cuban middens, 236; uten-
sils of, 190. See Shell, Shells
Marlin-spike, bone implement like, 201
Martinez, a negro, guidance of, 185, 186; piedras
de rayo found by, 177
Martinez Blanco, Alvaro, acknowledgment to, 373
Martyr, Peter, cited by La Torre, 62; on the
Taino, 22
Mask of shell from Laguna Limones, 307
Massachusetts, Cape Ann, 161
Mata, a river of eastern Cuba, 150, 309
Matamoros river, Oriente, Indian remains on,
108
Matanzas, Carib hatchet found in, 116, 419;
petaloid celts in, 402; explorations of Cos-
culluela in, 73-95
Matos, Mauricio, assistance by, 26
Maya, art, no suggestion of, in Cuba, 421;
cities, Cuban Indians alleged builders of, 127;
stone idols attributed to, 33
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
479
Maya-Quiche language, affiliation of, with
Cuban, 128
May art, Oriente, artifacts from, 317-319; celts
found at, by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 30-31;
Tamayo at, 401
Mead, Charles W., on Jamaican and Porto Rican
pendants, 245
Megalocnus, an extinct ground-sloth, bones of,
165, 199, 256-257, 271, 274, 315, 333; Cibo-
ney contemporaneous with, 409, 411
"Men of the rocks," meaning of Ciboney, 137
Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, route through, 347
Menocal, Mario Garcia, commission to explore
Cienaga de Zapata appointed by, 73
Mesa Abajo, Oriente, hatchet at, Carib, 419
Mesa Buena Vista, Oriente, artifacts* of, 204-
205; Ciboney culture near, 404; sites of, ex-
plored by Expedition, 177-185
Mesa del Sordo, Oriente, explored by Expedi-
tion, 185-186; jagiley tree of, 214
Mesa of La Papaya, Oriente, 247
Metamorphic rocks, mountains of, 145
Mexicans in Cuba, 138, 140
Mice not native to Cuba, 164
Middens, artifacts from, in Museo de Santiago,
123; at Laguna Limones, 307; at La Patana,
251; at Valle San Juan, 362-366; Ciboney
artifacts in, 405; Ciboney burials in, 386;
inland, Tainan, 393; Jamaican, compared
with Cuban, 234-235; marking Taino sites in
Baracoa, 389; Moron find as, 49; near bay
of Cienfuegos, 404; near Cantillo, 207; near
Cueva Contrera, 368; near Cueva Funche,
370; near Manzanillo .explored by Rodri-
guez-Ferrer, 39-40; observed by Squier, 51;
of Baracoa, 108; of Monte Cristo plateau,
AND MONOGRAPHS
480
CUBA
203-204; on Finca Caridad, 232-239; on
Mesa Buena Vista, 181-184; shellheaps des-
ignated as, by Cosculluela, 75; Tainan
burials in, 390. See Mounds, Refuse-heaps,
Village-sites
Midges, 163
Miel, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Migration, from Haiti to Cuba, 409-415;
peopling Jamaica, 396; theoretical, from
South America, 424-426
Milling stones in Boca de Purial, 54
Mis per o, a native fruit, 159
Mississippi valley, earthworks of, compared
with Cuban, 42
Moa, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Mogotes or limestone peaks of Pinar del Rio, 321
Moler, Bernabe, quoted in Memoirs of the
Sociedad Economica, 38
Molluscs, shells of extant, in Boca de Purial,
54; edible, in middens at San Lucas, 297
Monkey, effigies of, as handles, 242-243; effigy
of, on pestle, 103, 108; teeth of, in Boca de
Purial, 55, 164, 242-243
Monolithic hatchet from Ovando, 61, 115
Montane, Luis, acknowledgment to, 22-24, 52,
116, 354; and Cosculluela, authors of Cuban
Indian of the Zapata Swamp, 74-83 ; author of
Homme de Sancti Spiritus, 116; burial cave
explored by, 52-55, 404-405, 426; Cienaga de
Zapata explorations of, 74-90, 381, 397;
cited by La Torre, 62; collection of, 112-119;
Guayabo Blanco explored by, 79-84; Homo
Cubensis of, 55, 411; Maisi visited by, 65-66;
Montaneia anthrofomorpha of, 55, 164, 242-
243; ossuary discovered by, 66; stone im-
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
481
plements found by, 54, 82-83. See Museo
Montane
Montaneia anthropomorpha, a new species of
spider monkey, 55, 164, 242-243
Monte Cristo, Oriente, sites explored by Expe-
dition, 149, 202-206
Montoya family of El Caney, 57
Morales, Vidal, author of Nociones de Historia
de Cuba, 142
Moravian missionary among Arawak, 137
Moron, Camagiiey, Jimenez find near, 45-49,
402, 426
Morro Castle at Santiago, Oriente, 173
Mortars, at Malpoton, 357; from near Holguin,
108; from Valle San Juan, 363; in caves, 190,
193, 224, 314, 333; in Garcia Feria collec-
tion, 104; stationary, 193-194, 328, 332
Mortuary deposit, Jimenez' first find possibly
such, 49
Mortuary mounds, at Guayabo Blanco, 80-83;
Bachiller on, 128-129; of Ciboney, 386. See
Caneyes
Mosqueras, assistance by, 225-227, 247-251,
254, 256, 261, 263
Mosquitoes, 163
Mother-of-pearl, pendants of, typically Tai-
nan, 388
Moundouilders of North America and of Zapata
swamp, 83
Mounds, mentioned by Squier, 50-51; near Can-
tillo, 210; near Guayabo Blanco, 87-88; of
ashes and shells, 360; of Cienaga de Zapata,
73-90, 113; of Guayabo Blanco, 79-84; of
Loma de la Cruz, or de Rizo, 84-86, 397; of
Louisiana and Venezuela, 81; of shells at Cayo
Redondo, 357-358; or middens at San Lucas,
AND MONOGRAPHS
482
CUBA
287-289. See Caneyes, Middens, Mortuary
mounds
Mountains, of eastern Cuba, 145-146; of Pinar
del Rio, 321
Mulatto element in Cuban ethnic type, 140
Mule-trails, of Cape Maisi, 321; of eastern Cuba,
145-149
Midlers, from Oriente province, 101; on Mesa
Buena Vista, 180
Munoz collection quoted, 91, 410
Murex (Phyllonotus) pomum, shells of, in mid-
dens on Gran Tierra de Maya, 236
Museo Montane, archeological collection of,
112-119; artifacts from Guayabo Blanco in,
84; Carib hatchet in, 419; net-sinker from
Tunas de Zaza in, 79; skeleton from La
Patana given to, 256; wooden objects from
Malpoton presented to, 354-355. See Uni-
versidad Nacional
Museo y Biblioteca de Santiago, archeological
collection in, 108, 119-123; axe-head from
Jauco in, 32; Sr Jose Bofil y Cayol of, 25, 119
Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foun-
dation, artifacts from Florida in, 423; Jamai-
can pottery in, 395; explorations of, in Cuba,
17-26, 52, 145, 170-382, 426
Muyscas Indians of Colombia, 139
Mylodon, cave erroneously named for, 274
Names of places, Indian, 50, 125, 128, 131-134,
414
Naranjo, Oriente, Indian settlements near, 107
Narvaez, Pdnfilo, first expedition of, 78
National Museum at Washington, Cuban col-
lection in, 124
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
483
Natural History and Civilization of the Island of
Cuba, Rodriguez-Ferrer, author, 29
Natural park of Portales district, 330-331
Negro, Martinez, 177; mixture in Cuban ethnic
type, 140; of pure blood, in Cuba, 166, 168;
slaves, 115. See African
Negroes' Fireplace, see El Fogon de los Negros
Neolithic culture, Tainan, 95
Nets for fishing, 159
Net-sinkers, at Cajobabo, 175; at Portales, 334;
common to both cultures, 393, 398; from Monte
Cristo site, 206; in Cueva Caletica, 190; in
Museo Montane, 79; in rock-shelters near Jau-
co, 193; of lacustrine village in Laguna del
Tesoro, 77-78
New York, artifacts of, compared with Cuban,
175; Ethnological Society of, paper before,
by Andres Poey, 50; perforated conch-shells
near, 76; shipping of zemi to, 270-271; visit
to, by author, 228
Nightingale of Cuba, 163
Nigica, a burrowing insect, 163
Nipe, Oriente, Indian settlements near, 107
Nipe bay, Oriente, Mayari near, 30, 317; Tainan
culture near, 401
Nodes and ridges a Tainan pottery design, 387
Normal School at Pinar del Rio, acknowledg-
ment to, 372
North America, influenced by Tainan culture,
424; mounds of, compared with Guayabo
Blanco, 81-83; remains of Indians of, 83;
tribes of, dice used by, 217. See America,
American, Southeastern cidture
Notched sinkers at Portales, 334
AND MONOGRAPHS
484
CUBA
Oases of palms in southeastern Cuba, 152
0' Fallon, R. S., acknowledgment to, 25; col-
lection of, 108-112, 120
Offerings, votive, to Santico, 327-328
Oliva litter ata, beads of, 190, 192-193, 365, 393;
jinglers of, 123, 296, 388; shells of, in middens
on Gran Tierra de Maya, 236
Opossum, almiqui likened to, 164
Oranges of eastern Cuba, 155, 158
Orchids, of Cabo San Antonio, 361; of eastern
Cuba, 157
Organes Duro, Alfredo, acknowledgment to, 373
Orientation of burials, 81, 215-217, 255, 256,
275, 289-291, 386, 390
Oriente province, archeological explorations of
Expedition in, 170-310; artifacts from, in
Rasco collection, 96; in time of Las Casas,
107; stone objects of, Tainan, 69-70. See
Baracoa, Maisi, etc.
Ornafray, a chieftaincy or province, 106, 126
Ornaments, of shell: from Finca Caridad, 243-
244; in midden at San Lucas, 281; on Mesa
Buena Vista, 184; of stone, at Portales, 334;
typically Ciboney, 385; typicallv Tainan, 388,
394; typical of both cultures, 393-394. See
Amulets, Ear-plugs, Jinglers, Pendants
Ornofay, see Ornafray
Ortiz, Fernando, appointed on exploration com-
mission by Menocal, 74
Ossuary discovered by Montane, 66
Ovando, a canon of eastern Cuba, 150; Can-
tillo near, 206; hammerhead sharks near, 211;
La Patana extending from, 249; sites of,
' explored by Expedition, 60, 210-224, 397
Ovando, Nicolds de, Spanish governor of Haiti,
211
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
485
Oviedo y V aides, Gonzalo Fernandez de, cited, 62,
134, 138, 142; on flattened skulls, 129, 416
Owls, native, 163; clay heads of, 34-35, 47-49,
104
Oysters, shells of, in mound, 358
Paddle from near Monte Cristo typically Tai-
nan, 208, 389
Paint, red, on human bones, 309, 326. See
Hematite
Painted pottery of St Vincent, 417
Paint-stone, see Hematite
Paleolithic, discoveries in France, 37; man, date
of, 95
Palma de Cuba, uses of, 156
Palmetto, of eastern Cuba, 157; of Pinar del Rio,
347
Palms, called cana hata, 361; called corojo, 54,
336; decayed leaves of, in rock-shelter, 323;
dwarf, near Remates, 347; oases of, 152; of
eastern Cuba, 155-157; of Portales, 330;
staff made of, 350; thatching cottages, 176;
thatching Seminole houses, 422. See Bohio
Palo bronco, a bush of southeastern Cuba, 151
Pane, Fray Roman, cited by Zayas, 134; on
beliefs of Indians of Haiti and Santo Do-
mingo, 130
Parasites or air plants of eastern Cuba, 157-158
Paredon or cliff hear Cape Maisi, 277
Parque Colon, Habana, boa captured for, 268
Parrot, head of, as amulet, 244; parrots, native,
163
Patterns of Southeastern culture, 422. See
Decoration, Designs
Pearl shell, amulet of, from Finca Caridad, 244;
pendants of, Tainan, 388 ■
AND MONOGRAPHS
486
CUBA
Pebbles, as net-sinkers, 393; as hammers and
pestles, 81, 364; decorated, 217; for various
uses, 334, 336, 339; perforated for ornaments:
334; typically Ciboney, 394
Peccary, bones of, in deposit near Maisi, 164
Pecked hammerstone in Cueva de Cenizas, 340
Pendants, of shell: 192, 206, 252, 296, 304, 307;
typically Ciboney, 385, 394; typically Tainan,
388; of shark's tooth, 190; of stone: 104, 110,
171-172, 314; typically Ciboney, 385, 394;
tubular, 244-245. See Amulets
Perdigon, Andres, first reported Boca de Purial,
52
Perez, Ricardo, acknowledgment to, 231, 239
Perforated, conchs, 73, 75-76, 94; stone from
Tunas de Zaza, 115. See Pendants
Perro mudo or dumb dog, in Moron find, 48;
now extinct, 164;. remains of, in middens at
San Lucas, 297
Perros jibaros or wild dogs, 164
Pestles, conical: 99-101, 104, 316, 344, 356;
makers of, 398; curved, 365; cylindrical: 314;
makers of, 393; effigy, 101, 103, 108, 110, 115;
of coralline stone, 253; oval, 217; rude, 314,
375; typical Tainan, 386
Petaloid celts, at San Lucas, 294, 297; collected
by: Cosculluela, 90; La Torre, 60; Garcia,
103, 377-378; Rasco, 100-101; Rodriguez-
Ferrer, 30-31, from Cantillo, 207; from La
Giiira, 344, 346, 348; -from La Patana, 253;
from Mayari, 30-31, 318; from Monte Cristo
site, 206; from near Santiago, 316; from San
Miguel, 117; in Cueva de los Indios, 217; in
Pinar del Rio, 112, 382, 396; in United States,
421; on Mesa Buena Vista, 183; tvpically
Tainan, 386, 397, 402-403
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
487
Petro glyphs of Cifeva Zemi, 268-269
Pets of the Indians, 164; monkeys, 242-243;
perro mudo, 297
Phenicians, alleged ancestors of Cuban Indians,
126; language of, compared with American
Indian, 134
Philology, see Language
Pichardo, Esteban, author of Diccionario de
Voces y Frases Cubanas, 131-132; cited by
Vidal, 139; Zayas on, 133
Piedras de rayo or lightning stones, celts so-
called by natives of Mayari, 30; on Mesa
Buena Vista, 177. See Celts, Petaloid celts
fig, bones of, in rock-shelter, 322
Pigeons, wild, 163
Pile-dwellings, in Laguna del Tesoro, 73, 76-79;
mentioned by Fewkes, 70
Pinar del Rio, city of, 320, 372
Pinar del Rio province, Ciboney culture in, 68-
69,^ 143, 3817382, 395-396, 405, 409, 411, 414-
415; collections of artifacts in, 112; conical
pestles in, 398; dujo from, 115; explorations of
Expedition in, 23, 320-382, 426; Guanaca-
bibes of, 135; Habana tobacco raised in, 321;
human bones found in, by Rodriguez-Ferrer,
43-44; pottery of, 370, 395-396; rainy
season in, 381; remains from, in Museo Mon-
tane, 113; Tainan colonies in, 402-403; west-
ern bound of Tainan culture, 408-409;
wooden bowl found in, 99; wild Indians of,
407
Pineapple, 159
Pine barrens of Florida, 347
Pine trees in Vinales district, 380
Pirates, rendezvous of, near Ovando, 211-212
AND MONOGRAPHS
488
CUBA
Pits, of refuse at San Lucas* 284-286; pecked
in rock for cracking nuts, 336; or hoyos of
Pinar del Rio, 321-322, 368-369
Pitted hammer stones, Ciboney, 400; in cremation
cave, 399; in Cueva de Cenizas, 339; in Cueva
del Muerto, 314; in rock-shelter near Jauco,
193; in Valle San Juan, 364
Pitted stones, for cracking nuts, in Boca de
Purial, 54; from village-sites near Jauco,
200; in cave at San Vicente, 377
Pi y Mar gall, D. Francisco, author of Historia
de la America Antecolumbiana, 140-141
Places, Indian names of, 50, 125, 128, 132-134,
414
Plantations of eastern Cuba, 148-150
Plant life, see Flora
Plants, Indian names of, 50, 128, 131, 132, 134,
138
Pldianos or cooking bananas, 249
Plates, at San Lucas, 281, 292; typical Tainan
form of, 387
Platform of wood in burial cave near La Patana,
258-260
Platter of wood from La Patana, 225-227, 254;
typically Tainan, 389
Playa Blanca, Oriente, Indian- settlement of,
167-168
Pleurodonle (Caracolus) Sagemon var. rostrata,
shells of, in middens on Gran Tierra de
Maya, 236
Poey, Andres, accounts by, of Jimenez find,
46-48, 164; a pioneer, 49-50; cited by Vidal,
139; on Carib skulls, 59, 415; paper on
Cuban antiquities by, 50
Poles of wooden platform in cave near La
Patana, 258-260
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
489
Polishing stone, marks of, on pottery, 324. See
Rubbing stones
Polynesia, Malpoton staff reminiscent of, 350
Ponce or Poncio, see Cueva de Ponce
Porpoise, 163
Portales, Pinar del Rio, cave-dwellers of, 359;
caves at, visited by Expedition, 327-328,
346; district of, explored by Expedition, 329-
343
Portales river, Pinar del Rio, 327, 330, 343
Porto Rico, Arawak migration to, 425; Bachiller
on artifacts of, 129; ball courts of, 68, 305;
cultural affiliation of, with Cuba, 70, 107;
Eyeri of, 135; flattened skulls in, 417; Indians
of, 140-141; pottery of, compared with
Cuban, 243; Taino in, 22, 69-70, 130, 384,
403, 412; tubular pendants of, 245; visited by
La Torre, 56; zemis of, 110-112
Potsherds, at Cajobabo, 174; at Pueblo Viejo,
65; in caves, 171, 172, 199,- 218, 271-272, 274,
314; in earthwork near Monte Cristo, 210; in
sjloyo Valteso, 323; in middens, 39-40, 107-
108, 203-204, 231, 234, 239-240, 243, 281,
287, 292, 307; in rock-shelter, 179; in village-
sites, 180-181, 184, 193, 207, 213, 285, 308-
309; Tamaica-like, 421; near San Lucas,
278-279
Pottery, at Laguna Limones, 307; at El Lindero,
303; clay figurine or idol, 34-35; decorated
or Tainan, 29, 44, 310, 402; from near Hol-
guin, 104-106; from Oriente province, 101;
from south coast, 239-243; handle of, from
El Cobre, 317; heads, 299, 389; in Museo de
Santiago, 122-123; in Moron find, 47-49;
Indian methods of manufacturing, 129; of
Caribs, 417; of Hoyo Valteso, 405; on Cib-
AND MONOGRAPHS
490
CUBA
oney sites, 394-397; ring, from village-site
near Jauco, 200; stone for polishing, 317;
Tainan, in Haiti, 416; typical Tainan forms
of, 387-388; undecorated, 370; vessels: at
Arroyo de las Vueltas, 378; at La Patana,
252; from caves near Cantillo, 207; from
Mayari, 318; from Monte Cristo site, 205; in
Cueva Dujo, 187; in coastal cave, Oriente,
195. See Bowls, Decoration of Pottery, Pot-
sherds, Vessels
Prdctico or guide, 177
Prada, Enrique, acknowledgment to, 25, 176
Pre-Columbian, dujo or seat, 96-98; inhabit-
ants of Cuba, 17—22. See Ciboney, Guana-
cabibes, Taino
Prehistoric Culture of Cuba, J. W. Fewkes,
author, 66-72
Prehistoric man, remains of, in Pinar del Rio,
320. See Early man, Homo Cubensis
Primelles, Jose, appointed on exploration com-
mission by Menocal, 74
Primitive culture, in other islands than Cuba,
406; designated Ciboney, 383-384; pottery of,
394-397; staff of, at Malpoton, 351. See
Ciboney culture, Guanacabibes, Tainan cid-
ture
Primitive Inhabitants of Cuba, Morales, author,
142
Proceedings of the International Congress of
Americanists, account of Cuban investiga-
tions in, 45
Pueblo peoples, use of knee-rattles by, 296
Pueblo Viejo, Oriente, bohios of, 143-144;
builders of, 43; earthworks of, 59, 65, 68;
effigy pestle from, 110; explored by Rodri-
guez-Ferrer, 41-42; flattened skulls near,
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
491
found by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 42-43; native
excavations at, 299, 301; visited by Culin, 64-
65; visited by Fewkes, 68; visited by La Torre,
58-59
Puerto Principe, former name of Camagiiey.
See Camagiiey
Punctate decoration of pottery, 205
Punta Maisi, see Cape Maisi
Purification rite with swallow-sticks, 389
Quartz, pendant of, 109-110; pestles of, 217, 314
Quaternary limestones of eastern Cuba, 146
Raccoon, jaw of, in Jimenez find, 48, 164; perro
mudo thought to be, 297
Rain determining habitat of Taino, 389
Rainv season, in Pinar del Rio, 381; of eastern
Cuba, 154-155
Ramsden, Charles T., acknowledgment to, 235;
collection of, 112
Rasco, Federico, collection of, 96-102, 120, 186,
355
Rasps, of sandstone, at Laguna Limones, 308;
slabs of gritty stone as, 387
Rats not native to Cuba, 164 \
Redactor de Cuba referred to, 33
Red-paint stone in rock-shelter, Portales, 334.
See Hematite
Red pigment, human bones covered with, 309
326
Refuse, distribution of, 237. See Layers
Refuse-heaps, fish-bones in, 159; of San Lucas,
278. See Middens
Remote, Camagiiey, caney near, visited by
Rodriguez-Ferrer, 36
AND MONOGRAPHS
492
CUBA
Remates or Land's End, Pinar del Rio, 344;
bowls from near, 354-355; explorations of
Expedition near, 344-359; petaloid celts near,
396
Remedios, Santa Clara, human bones found in,
by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 44
Reptiles, native, 162
Requejos, Antonio, Indian remains on property
of, 108
Revista de Cuba, accounts of Jimenez find in, by
Poey, 46-48
Rey, Don Antonio and Dona Concha, acknowledg-
ments to, 24, 229, 247, 249
Reynoso, Alvaro, author of Agricultura de los
Indigenas de Cuba y Haiti, 137
Ridges and nodes a Tainan pottery design, 387
Ridges or camellones , use of, in cultivation, 138
Rims of pottery vessels, 243, 285, 323
Rincdn or nook of rock-shelter, 186
Ring, of bone in Flint cave, 224; of pottery,
from village-site near Jauco, 200
Rio Caleta, Oriente, high plateau of, 149, 150
Rio Canei, Oriente, midden near, 40
Rioja river, Santa Clara, Caney de los Muertos
in mouth of, 36
Rio Maya, Oriente, bowlders from canon of,
used in earthwork, 41; cafion of, 249, 276—
278, 302, 304, 308; Sabana district north
of, 149,- 150
Rio Yumuri, Pinar del Rio, Ciboney culture at,
404
Roaring sound in Big Water cave, 263, 265-267,
272-273
Rock-carvings, see Petroglyphs
Rock-men, Ciboney so called byTaino, 137; the
meaning of Ciboney, 412
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
493
Rock-shelters, at Portales, 328, 331-334; Ciboney
culture in, 220-224, 385; in Hoyo Valteso,
322-324; near La Caleta, 191; near Ovando,
215; of Cueva Funche, 369; of Mesa Buena
Vista, 179-180; of Mesa del Sordo, 185. See
Caves
Rodents, bones of, 81, 83, 333. See Jutia
Rodriguez-Ferrer, Miguel, account by, in Pro-
ceedings of the International Congress of
Americanists, 45; author of Natural History
and Civilization of the Island of Cuba, 29;
Bayamo reconnoitered by, 30, 401; Cabo
Cruz visited by, 43; Camagiiey explored by,
35-39, 404; Cape Maisi visited by, 30; cave
near Banes described by, 44; celts found by,
at Mayari, 30-31; cited by La Torre, 62;
cited by Vidal, 139; clay figurine collected
by, 34-35; finds of, figured by Poey, 50; flat-
tened skulls found by, in Maisi, 42-43, 59,
129; fossilized human jaw found by, 37;
gifts of, to Gabinete de Historia Natural, 37,
124; human bones found by, in Pinar del
Rio, 43-44; idols collected by, at Bayamo,
31-35, 113, 143; itinerary of, followed by
La Torre, 58-59; Manzanillo midden explored
by, 39-40, 49; Pueblo Viejo visited by, 41-42;
researches of, in Cuba, 29-45
Rodriguez, Francisco, Jimenez find on property
of, 46-47
Rodriguez, Victor J., acknowledgment to, 25,
228, 329, 347, 354; at Cienaga de Zapata,
74, 113, 405, 426; bats for collection of, 263;
boa captured by, 268; Imias reconnoitered by,
309-310
Rotunda of the Bats in Big Water cave, Oriente,
267-268
AND MONOGRAPHS
494
CUBA
Royal palm, uses of, 156
Rubbing stones, at San Lucas, 297; from Can-
tillo, 207; from Finca Sitges, 299; from La
Patana, 253; from Monte Cristo site, 206;
in Cueva Caletica, 190; in Cueva Zemi, 272;
typical Tainan, 386-387, 397. See Gritstone,
Polishing stone
Sdbalo creek, Santa Clara, 87
Sabana or prairie of Cabo San Antonio, 361
Sabana plateau in Maisi district of Baracoa,
149, 150, 309; hatchet on, Carib, 419
Sabaneque, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Sagna, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Sagua-Baracoa mountains, an Indian habitat,
107
Sagua la Grande, lacustrine village of Carahata
near, 78
St Vincent, a Carib stronghold, 415; Carib
artifacts of, 417; Poey on flattened skulls in,
59,61
San Andres, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
San Carlos, Pinar del Rio, caves near, 324—325;
headquarters at, 320, 322
Sancti Spiritus, Santa Clara, burial cave at,
explored by Montane, 52-55, 79, 113, 404-^05,
426; idol of wood from, 115; petaloid celts at,
402
Sandstone, pebble of, for grinding, 328; rasps of,
308. See Files, Rasps
San Lucas, Oriente, explored by Expedition,
276-298; stone amulet or pendant from, 245.
See Big Wail Site, Burial
San Luis de los Caneyes, Historic notes on, 143
San Miguel, Habana, implements of stone
from, 117-119; petaloid celts at, 402
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
495
Santa Clara province, explorations of Coscu-
lluela in, 73-95
Santa Maria de Casimba bay, caney near, vis-
ited by Rodriguez-Ferrer, 36; skeletons near,
mentioned in Memoirs of the Sociedad
Economica, 38
Santa Teresa, Santa Clara, shellheaps on coast
of, 75
Santiago, Oriente, Ciboney culture near, 404;
explorations of Expedition near, 311-319;
. Historic notes on San Luis de los Caneyes,
published at, 143; Museo y Biblioteca de, 25,
58, 108, 119-123; pestle-types about, 344;
route from, to Jauco, 170; siege of, 171, 173;
Tainan culture about, 69-70, 401; vessel from
region of, 240
Santico de la Cueva, Pinar del Rio, 327-328
Santo Domingo, beliefs of Indians of, 130; cul-
tural affiliation of, with Cuba, 50, 70, 107;
explorations of de Booy in, 22, 236; language
of, compared with that of Guiana, 50; pottery
of, compared with Cuban, 243; visited by La
Torre, 56
Santovenia, Emetrio, reported collection of, 112
San Vicente, Pinar del Rio, cave at, 376; In-
dians' Oven at, 378, 405; petaloid celts near,
345, 396
Saassure, Henri de, on the fossilized human jaw,
45
Saville, Marshall H., acknowledgment to, 25
Schomburgk, Richard, cited by Cosculluela, 76,
94; by Poey, 50
Scorpions, 162; in caves, 195, 266
Scrapers, chipped, Ciboney, 392; of flint, 174,
190-191, 223, 313-314, 342, 392; of shell, 206
Seacow or manati, 40, 163
AND MONOGRAPHS
496
CUBA
Sea mammals, see Mammals
Seasons in eastern Cuba, 155-156
Sea-turtles, bones of, in cave, 222. See Turtles
Semicylindrical receptacles, 101
Semi globular, pottery forms, possibly Ciboney,
395; vessel from Hoyo Valteso, 323
Seminole, culture of, and Antillean, 422
Sepnlcher, see Burial, Caneyes, Mortuary mounds
Serpentine, celts of, from Banes, 103; particles
of, imbedded in wood to form grater, 98;
predominating rock of eastern Cuba, 145;
stone hatchets of, found by Rodriguez-
Ferrer, 30
Servants, Ciboney, to Taino, 67, 91-92,401,411,
414
Settlements of Caribs in Cuba, 415, 418. See
Caribs
Sevilla, Spain, Archivo de Indias at, 141
Shirks, off Cuban coast, 159, 175, 211; pendant
of tooth of, 190
Sheet-copper on village-site, El Lindero, 303
Shell, beads, 190, 192, 206, 224, 363-365, 385,
393, 394, 423; bowls, 190, 193, 223, 385;
carved, distribution of, 402; celts, 192, 217,
315; dippers, 190, 223; effigies, Tainan, 116,
123, 307, 388, 389; gorgets, Tainan, 394;
gouges, Ciboney, 60, 82, 84, 88, 172, 180, 190,
192, 223, 309, 314, 340, 363-365, 370, 385,
400, 405; inlays, Tainan, 97, 114, 206, 226,
388; jinglers, Tainan, 296, 388; mask, 307;
objects: 199, 285; typical Ciboney, 385,
423; ornaments, 184, 243-244, 252-253, 281,
296; pendants: 192, 206, 207, 304; typical
Ciboney, 385, 394; typical Tainan, 388, 394;
scraper, 206; trumpet, 60; vessels, Ciboney,
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
497
84, 113, 201, 217, 340, 364, 370, 375, 405.
See Conch-shell, Shells
Shellfish as food, 160
Shell heaps, like artifacts in, in Cuba and
Florida, 423; of Cabo San Antonio, 76, 360;
of Cayo Redondo, 357-358; near Cienaga
de Zapata, 73, 75-76, 80-81, 94; of perfo-
rated conchs, 73, 75-76; of Strombus gigas in
Antilles, 236
Shells, refuse of, in caves, 54, 171, 274, 309, 314,
335-336, 339, 342, 375, 377; in middens, 40,
107, 180-182, 184, 206, 231, 234-231, 238,
252, 281, 283, 287, 307, 364, 368, 370, 377; in
pit, 285, 286; in rock-shelters, 179,328, 332;
mounds of: at Cayo Redondo, 357-358, 360;
in Cienaga de Zapata, 73, 75-76, 80-81;
species of, in middens at Finca Caridad, 236.
See Shell, Snail-shells
Shell-working, tools for, 308
Sherds, see Potsherds
Shultz, Theodore, among the Arawak, 137
Siba, Arawak term for rock, 137
Siboney, Oriente, caves of, explored by Expe-
dition, 171-172, 311-316; Ciboney culture at,
404 ; landing of American forces at, 1 7 1 , 3 1 1
Siboneyes, see Ciboney
Sierra de la Cueva Oscnra, Pinar del Rio, 343
Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, appear-
ance of, 374; conical stone pestles of, 99
Siesta in the middle of the day, 156
Signa, a saltwater univalve, 160; shells of, in
Mylodon cave, 274
Simon and Company, acknowledgment to, 25
Sineiv dressers of United States, 190
Sinkers, notched, at Portales, 334. See Net-
sinkers
AND MONOGRAPHS
498
CUBA
Skeletons, flexed, in Cueva de los Indios, 215;
flexed, in rock-shelter, 179; found by La Torre
in cave, 58; from Cienaga de Zapata, 113; in
coastal cave, Oriente, 195; in Guadaloupe, 39;
in mound on Guayabo Blanco, 81; near Santa
Maria de Casimba bay, 38-39; walled-in, in
Caleta cavern, 197. See Burial, Flexed
burials, Human bones
Skulls, cremated, 399; embedded, in Boca de
Purial, 53-55, 68; flattened, of Haiti and
Porto Rico, 416-417; flattened or "Carib,"
42-43, 58, 59, 61, 71, 94, 101, 129, 139, 415;
flattened or Taino, 29, 187, 255-256, 289-292,
390, 415-418; flattened, with Ciboney ob-
jects, 315; fragment of, in cave, 254; from
cave near Cape Maisi, 65; in Academia de
Ciencias, 123; in Museo Montane, 119; nor-
mal or Ciboney, 101, 113, 216, 342, 386, 391
Slaves, African, in Cuba, 115, 131. See Servants
Sloth, see M egalocnus
Snails as food, 160
Snail-shells: in Loma de la Cruz, 85; in caves
64, 332, 335, 339; in lacustrine village, 77-78
in mound on Guayabo Blanco, 80-81, 88-89
in pit, 285, 286; in middens, 180, 235, 281,
283. See Shells
Snakes, bones of, in refuse, 81, 333; native, 162
Sociedad Economica, archeological collection of,
124; Memoirs of, quoted, 38-39
Solenodon or almiqui, 164; bones of, in middens
at San Lucas, 297
Soler, A., acknowledgment to, 24
South America, geographical relation of Cuba
to, 27; Malpoton staff reminiscent of, 350;
origin of Antillean culture in, 70, 93-94;
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
499
origin of Cuban Indians in, 127, 128; Tainan
origins in, 423-426
South American monkey, jaw of, 242
'Southeastern culture and Cuban, 421-422
Spam, Archivo de Indias in, 141; Cuban arti-
facts in, 124; war of liberation against, 169,
369
Spaniard married to Indian, 247
Spaniards, conquest of Cuba by, 95, 126, 138,
139, 369-370, 382, 402-403, 407, 409, 414;
date of Cienaga de Zapata mounds with ref-
erence to, 90; gold ornaments hidden from,
by Indians, 76; in Haiti, 413-414; persecu-
tion of Indians by, 19, 43-44, 211, 298
Spanish, ancestry in Cuba, 165-167; form of
Indian names, Zayas on, 133; source of sheet-
copper at El Lindero, 303
Spanish language, Arawak words incorporated
in, 19; provincial or guajiro, 125, 131, 134,
168
Spanish war, 169; Cuban corpse found in, 312-
313; landing of American forces in, 171, 311
Spearheads, of iron, at San Lucas, 298; of bone,
at San Lucas, 296; of flaked flint, 392
Spear-shafts, scrapers for dressing, 191, 392
Spider monkey, teeth of unknown genus of, 55,
164
Spoons, of bone at San Lucas, 296; of shell in
mound at Guayabo I lanco, 82. See Gouges
Spring found in cave, 197
Squier, E. G., on tumuli in Cuba, 50-51
Staff of wood, from Malpoton, 349-351, 399; in
cave near Cantillo, 208
Stalactites, in Big Water cave, 261; in Boca de
Purial, 53; in Caleta cavern, 196; in cave near
La Patana, 275; in Cueva de los Indios,
AND MONOGRAPHS
500
CUBA
P. R.,325; in Cueva de los Santos, 374-375;
in Cueva Funche, 368-369
Stalagmites, carvings on, 397; idols carved
from, 120, 269-271, 316; in Big Water cave,
261-262; in Boca de Purial, 53-54; in Cueva
del Muerto, 312; in Cueva de los Indios, 215;
in Cueva de los Santos, 374-375, worshipped
as Santico, 327-328
Stamp of clay from near Santiago, 317
Starch made of yuca, 178, 270
Staten Island, perforated conch-shells on, 76
Stationary mortars, in Cave village, 193-194; in
Flint cave, 224; in rock-shelter, Portales, 328,
332
Sticks, carved, from Malpoton, 354; in Cueva
• Zemi, 272; in Cueva de los Indios, P. R., 326
Stone: amulet, 186; axes, 61, 107; beads, 253,
301, 307; cairns, 218; carved head, 245-246;
carvings, 72, 94; cassava griddle, 207; celts,
30-31, 60, 90, 100-101, 103-104, 121, 207,
217, 253, 272, 294, 297, 316, 318, 344-345,
348, 377, 378, .397; cylinder, 47; discoidal,
101; dajo,. 115; fetish, 303; figurines, 388; for
grinding, 108; for polishing pottery, 317;
hatchets, 115, 116, 177; idols, 31-34, 43, 99,
115, 120-121; imbedded in wood to form
grater, 98, 129-130; mortars, 104, 108, 357;
net-sinkers, 77-78, 393, 398; objects, 54, 68-69,
81-83, 85-86, 88-89,113, 117-119, 174-175,
180, 190-191, 193, 199, 206, 217-218, 223-
224,235,294,313-314,328,332-334, 349, 365,
377, 386-387, 391-394; ornaments, typically
Tainan, 388; pendants, 104, 109-110, 171-172,
244-245, 314, 385, 394; perforated, 115, 334;
pestles, 99, 101, 103-104, 108-110, 253, 344-
346, 356, 393, 398; seats and tables, 44;
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
501
turtle effigy, 115. See Flint, Grit-stone,
Hammer stones, Hematite, Limestone, Pebbles,
Rubbing stones, Stalagmites
Stone-axe forms, Carib, 417
Stones, broken, in mound, 88; pitted, from vil-
lage-sites near Jauco, 200; worked, 213, 275,
368
Stonework, Tainan, of Porto Rico, 412
Stool, see Dujo
Stratification, see Layers
Streams of eastern Cuba, 150-151
S trombus gigas, bowls of, Ciboney, 385; coastal
shellheaps of, 236; shells of, in midden at San
Lucas, 297; in middens on Gran Tierra de
Maya, 236; used as food, 160; vessel of, 340.
See Conch-shell
Strombus pugilis, shells of, in mound at Cayo
Redondo, 358
Sub-Tainan culture, in Cuba, 395; in Jamaica,
403
Swallow-sticks, at El Lindero, 304; at San
Lucas, 296; carved handle of, 109; typically
Tainan, 388-389
Swamps of Cabo San Antonio, 361 . See Cienaga
de Zapata
Tainan culture, age: 95, 400, 406-407, 420-421;
artifacts: (general) 28-29, 31, 44-45, 90, 96-
98, 108-113, 123-124, 200, 202, 204-208,
213-214, 218, 252-254, 272, 292-297, 301-
304, 307-308, 386-394, 416; celts, 112, 218,
297, 377-378, 382; ear-plugs, 114, 121; grin-
ning face, 116, 123; idols, 113-115, 120-121;
pestles, 398; pottery, 104-105; 190, 193, 199,
218, 275, 308, 310, 315-316; wooden platter,
225-227, 254; semi, 186; burial customs:
AND MONOGRAPHS
502
CUBA
186-187, 255-256, 390, 399, 401; compared
with: Ciboney, 91-92, 153-154, 184-185,
390-401, 409, 411, 414; lacustrine, 78; main-
land, 421-422; distribution in eastern Cuba:
20-22, 28, 194, 298, 299, 314, 384, 400-403,
408-409, 412, 414; skull-form: flattened, 59,
101-102, 187, 217, 289-292, 390-391, 415-418.
See Beads, Carving, Decoration of pottery,
Effigies, Effigy pestles, Inlays, Petaloid celts,
Swallow -sticks
Taino, archeologists on: Fewkes, -22, 69-70,
140; Harrington, 426-427; Joyce, 140; La
Torre, 62-63; authority for name, 412-413;
early writers on: 382, 389; Peter Martyr,
412-413; habitat: 22, 28-29, 213-214, 217-
218, 401-403; identical with Ciboney, 400; in
uplands, 154, 184,389; on Mesa Buena Vista,
181-185; identity: 19-22, 63, 142, 384;
Bachiller on, 130; Zayas on, 135-136; im-
migrants, 393, 407, 411-415, 420; origin:
Arawak from South America, 27, 70, 93, 136,
168, 298, 382, 413, 423-425; Revnoso on,
137-138
Taino celts, see Petaloid celts
Tamayo, Manuel, acknowledgment to, 25; arti-
facts collected by, 316-318, 401
Tarantula, 162
Teeth, human, in Cueva de los Indios, P. R.,
326; of spider monkey, 55, 164; shell inlays
of, Tainan, 296, 388. See Tooth
Tempering of pottery, 323
Tennessee, culture of, 421
Terraced cliffs of eastern Cuba, 146-147, 149,
173, 203, 211
Tertiary limestones of eastern Cuba, 146
Texas, culture of, 421
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
503
Three-pointed stone or zemi, 110-112
Tiguabos, Pichardo on Indians of, 131
Timbers, remains of, near Holguin, 107
Toa, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Tobacco pipes unknown in Antilles, 422
Tooth, dog's, perforated, 206; shark's, as pen-
dant, 190. See Teeth
Tor r albas, J. F., of Academy of Sciences,
Habana, 52-53
Torres, Juan, of El Caney, 143
Tortoise-shell, cut, in rock-shelter near Jauco,
193
Trails, near Cabo San Antonio, 366; of eastern
Cuba, 147-149; to Cabo San Antonio, 361;
to La Patana, 248
Treasure Lake, see Laguna del Tesoro
Trees, see Flora, Tropical forests
Triton nodiferus Lam., bowls of, Ciboney, 385
Tropical forests of eastern Cuba, 152, 155, 248
Trumpet or guamu of Cassis shell, 60
Tubular pendants, 244-245. See Pendants
Tumuli, see Mounds
Tunas de Zaza, Santa Clara, circular perforated
stone from, 79, 115
Tupi language, Brinton on, 136
Turtles, a Ciboney food, 407, 410, 425; bones of,
in refuse, 47, 81, 181, 189, 195, 197, 199, 206,
254, 271, 274, 297, 309, 333, 339, 358, 364;
edible, 162; effigies of, 103, 108, 115; shells
of, in midden, 370
Ultima Thule, the meaning of Remates, 345
Union, Matanzas, mounds near, 51
United States, artifacts of, compared with
Cuban, 175; knee-rattles among Indians of,
296; negroes of, 166; possible source of Cibo-
AND MONOGRAPHS
504
CUBA
ney culture in, 422-424; sinew dressers of east-
ern, 190; summer in, compared with Cuban,
155
Univalve as food, 160. See Shells
Universidad National de la Habana, Dr Carlos
de la Torre of, 25, 56; Dr Fernando Ortiz
of, 74; Dr Luis Montane of, 22, 32, 52, 329;
Museum of, 31-32, 112-119, 354. See Museo
Montane
University of Pennsylvania, Free Museum of
Science and Art of, 63
Upland culture later called Tainan, 384. See
Tainan culture
Utensils, Indian, in Jimenez find, 47; West In-
dian type of, 239
Valdes, Nemesio, wooden objects reported by, at
Malpoton, 346, 347
Valle San Juan, Pinar del Rio, midden at, 368
423; pottery fragments in, 396; village-sites
near, 370; visited by Expedition, 362-366
Veguita, Oriente, earth wall at, 310
Venezuela, mounds of, compared with Guayabo
Blanco, 81-82
Vertebra of fishes, beads of, 364-365
Vertientes, Camagiiey, submersible coast of, 38
Vessels, of earthenware, 101, 187, 195, 205, 207,
252, 274, 279, 285, 292, 303, 310, 318, 323,
378; of shell, 84, 113, 217, 340, 364, 370, 375,
405. See Bowls, Cazuela, Pottery
Victoriana, an Indian woman of Yateras, 167,
177
Vidal y Careta, Francisco, author of Estudios de
las Razas Humanas . . . de Cuba, 138-
140
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
505
Village-sites, artifacts from, near Jauco, 200-
201; at Imias, 309-3 10 ;at Laguna Limones,
305-307; at La Patana, 250-252; at Ovando,
212-214; at San Lucas, 298; at Valle San
Juan, 362-366; Ciboney culture in, 385;
"mixed," 299, 391, 400; near La Caleta, 191-
192; near Valle San Juan, 370; on Gran
Tierra de Maya, 231-239; on La Papaya
Mesa, 301; on Mesa Buena Vista, 180-185; on
Mesa del Sordo, 186; on Mesa Limonal, 301;
Tainan culture in, 255, 389. See Middens
Vifiales district, Pinar del Rio, explorations of
Expedition in, 372-382; Taino celts in, 345,
396
Virgin carved on stalagmite, 316
Vita, Oriente, Indian settlements near, 107
Vomiting, an act of purification, 389
Vultures, 163
Wall, at San Lucas, 286-287; at Veguita, 310.
See Earthworks
Walled-in skeleton in Caleta cavern, 197
War club or macana, 351
Water, determining Indian habitats, 385-386,
389; in caves, 368, 369, 375; potable, in Maisi
district of Baracoa, 150-151, 154. See
Casimbas, Spring
West Indian type of utensils, 239
West Indies, carved staff unique in, 349; tubular
pendants of, 245. See Antilles
Whales, 163; bones of, in middens at San Lucas,
297
Whetstones in Cueva de Cenizas, 340. See
Grit-stone
Whites, slaughter of Indians by, 298, 324, 353
White ware, fragments of, at San Lucas, 294
AND MONOGRAPHS
506
CUBA
Wild dogs, see Perros jibaros
Wild honey, 174
Wild Indians, of eastern Cuba, 64; of Pinar del
Rio, 407
Windward Passage, view of, from La Patana,
258
Women, burials of, on Guayabo Blanco, 81;
Ciboney burial of, 216
Wood, aboriginal cassava grater of, 57, 98, 129-
130; decayed fragments of, in rock-shelter,
323; dujos of , 96-98, 186-188; effigies of , 97,
1 14, 206, 226, 296, 388 ; fragments of worked,
199; idols of, 113-115; objects of: from Mal-
poton, 346, 348-355; in lakes. of Pinar del Rio,
398-399; in Museo Montane, 113; typically
Tainan, 389; paddle of, 208; platform of, in
burial cave, 258-260; platter of, 225-227, 254;
prehistoric bowls of, 98-99, 354-355; staff of,
208; sticks of worked, 272, 326
Woodchuck, julia likened to, 163-164
Woodworking, shell gouges for, 84; incised pat-
terns of, Tainan, 389; tools for, 199, 326, 340,
351, 352, 354, 355, 387, 392. See Gouges
Wright, George A., acknowledgment to, 25
Wright, I. A., author of Early History of Cuba,
141-142
Xagua, a chieftaincy or province, 106
Yacabo, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Yaguajay, Oriente, Indian settlements near, 107
Y,ana wood, piles of pile-dwellings made of, 77
Yankees in Cuba, 140
Yara, Oriente, Indian types in, 167; visited by
La Torre, 57
INDIAN NOTES
INDEX
507
Y at eras, a river of eastern Cuba, 150
Yateras, Orlente, Fort on Indians of, 132; Indian
settlement of, 167; Victoriana of, 177
Yuca or cassava, grater for, 98; starch of, 178,
270. See Cassava
Yucatan, celts at ^Mayari . attributed to, by
Rodriguez-Ferrer, 30-31; culture of, uncon-
nected with Cuba, 94, 127, 421, 424; ethno-
logical relation of Cuba to, 134-135; geo-
graphical relation of Cuba to, 27
Yumuri, a river of eastern Cuba, 150, 309.
See Rio Yumuri
Yunque or flat-topped mountain of Baracoa,
146
Zapata basin or swamp, see Cienaga de Zapata
Zapote, a native fruit, 159
Zayas y Alfonso, Alfredo, author of Lexico-
grafia Antillana, 131-136
Zemi, head of, as handle, 227; carved on stalag-
mite, 269-271.; from Mesa del Sordo, 186; of
Porto Rico, 110-112
Zibuneys, see Ciboney
Zoologist with Expedition, 228
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